VI Editor Cheatsheet

Intro

The default editor that comes with the UNIX operating system is called vi (visual editor). [Alternate editors for UNIX environments include vim, nano, pico and emacs, a product of GNU.] The UNIX vi editor is a full screen editor and has two modes of operation:

1. Command mode commands which cause action to be taken on the file, and
2. Insert mode in which entered text is inserted into the file.

In the command mode, every character typed is a command that does something to the text file being edited; a character typed in the command mode may even cause the vi editor to enter the insert mode. In the insert mode, every character typed is added to the text in the file; pressing the <Esc> (Escape) key turns off the Insert mode.

• The vi editor opens in this mode, and it only understands commands
• In this mode, you can, move the cursor and cut, copy, paste the text
• This mode also saves the changes you have made to the file
• Commands are case sensitive. You should use the right letter case.

  While there are a number of vi commands, just a handful of these is usually sufficient for beginning vi users. To assist such users, here’s a list that contains a sampling of basic vi commands. The most basic and useful commands are marked with an asterisk (* or star) in the tables below. With practice, these commands should become automatic.

To Start vi

To use vi on a file, type in vi filename. If the file named filename exists, then the first page (or screen) of the file will be displayed; if the file does not exist, then an empty file and screen are created into which you may enter text.

*	vi filename	edit filename starting at line 1
	vi -r filename	recover filename that was being edited when system crashed

To Exit vi

Usually the new or modified file is saved when you leave vi. However, it is also possible to quit vi without saving the file.

Note: The cursor moves to bottom of screen whenever a colon (:) is typed. This type of command is completed by hitting the <Return> (or <Enter>) key.

*	😡<Return>	quit vi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
	:wq<Return>	quit vi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
	:q<Return>	quit (or exit) vi
*	:q!<Return>	quit vi even though latest changes have not been saved for this vi call

Moving the Cursor

Unlike many of the PC and MacIntosh editors, the mouse does not move the cursor within the vi editor screen (or window). You must use the the key commands listed below. On some UNIX platforms, the arrow keys may be used as well; however, since vi was designed with the Qwerty keyboard (containing no arrow keys) in mind, the arrow keys sometimes produce strange effects in vi and should be avoided.

If you go back and forth between a PC environment and a UNIX environment, you may find that this dissimilarity in methods for cursor movement is the most frustrating difference between the two.

In the table below, the symbol ^ before a letter means that the <Ctrl> key should be held down while the letter key is pressed.

*	j or <Return> [or down-arrow]	move cursor down one line
*	k [or up-arrow]	move cursor up one line
*	h or <Backspace> [or left-arrow]	move cursor left one character
*	l or <Space> [or right-arrow]	move cursor right one character
*	0 (zero)	move cursor to start of current line (the one with the cursor)
*	$	move cursor to end of current line
	w	move cursor to beginning of next word
	b	move cursor back to beginning of preceding word
	:0<Return> or 1G	move cursor to first line in file
	:n<Return> or nG	move cursor to line n
	:$<Return> or G	move cursor to last line in file

Screen Manipulation

The following commands allow the vi editor screen (or window) to move up or down several lines and to be refreshed.

	^f	move forward one screen
	^b	move backward one screen
	^d	move down (forward) one half screen
	^u	move up (back) one half screen
	^l	redraws the screen
	^r	redraws the screen, removing deleted lines

Adding, Changing, and Deleting Text

Unlike PC editors, you cannot replace or delete text by highlighting it with the mouse. Instead use the commands in the following tables.

Perhaps the most important command is the one that allows you to back up and undo your last action. Unfortunately, this command acts like a toggle, undoing and redoing your most recent action. You cannot go back more than one step.

*	u	UNDO WHATEVER YOU JUST DID; a simple toggle

The main purpose of an editor is to create, add, or modify text for a file.

Inserting or Adding Text

The following commands allow you to insert and add text. Each of these commands puts the vi editor into insert mode; thus, the <Esc> key must be pressed to terminate the entry of text and to put the vi editor back into command mode.

*	i	insert text before cursor, until <Esc> hit
	I	insert text at beginning of current line, until <Esc> hit
*	a	append text after cursor, until <Esc> hit
	A	append text to end of current line, until <Esc> hit
*	o	open and put text in a new line below current line, until <Esc> hit
*	O	open and put text in a new line above current line, until <Esc> hit

Changing Text

The following commands allow you to modify text.

*	r	replace single character under cursor (no <Esc> needed)
	R	replace characters, starting with current cursor position, until <Esc> hit
	cw	change the current word with new text, starting with the character under cursor, until <Esc> hit
	cNw	change N words beginning with character under cursor, until <Esc> hit; e.g., c5w changes 5 words
	C	change (replace) the characters in the current line, until <Esc> hit
	cc	change (replace) the entire current line, stopping when <Esc> is hit
	Ncc or cNc	change (replace) the next N lines, starting with the current line, stopping when <Esc> is hit

Deleting Text

The following commands allow you to delete text.

*	x	delete single character under cursor
	Nx	delete N characters, starting with character under cursor
	dw 4dd	delete the single word beginning with character under cursor Delete 4 words
	dNw	delete N words beginning with character under cursor; e.g., d5w deletes 5 words
	D	delete the remainder of the line, starting with current cursor position
*	dd 3dd	delete entire current line Delete 3 lines
	Ndd or dNd	delete N lines, beginning with the current line; e.g., 5dd deletes 5 lines

Cutting and Pasting Text

The following commands allow you to copy and paste text.

	yy	copy (yank, cut) the current line into the buffer
	Nyy or yNy	copy (yank, cut) the next N lines, including the current line, into the buffer
	p	put (paste) the line(s) in the buffer into the text after the current line

Searching Text

A common occurrence in text editing is to replace one word or phase by another. To locate instances of particular sets of characters (or strings), use the following commands.

	/string	search forward for occurrence of string in text
	?string	search backward for occurrence of string in text
	n	move to next occurrence of search string
	N	move to next occurrence of search string in opposite direction

Determining Line Numbers

Being able to determine the line number of the current line or the total number of lines in the file being edited is sometimes useful.

	:.=	returns line number of current line at bottom of screen
	:=	returns the total number of lines at bottom of screen
	^g	provides the current line number, along with the total number of lines, in the file at the bottom of the screen

Saving and Reading Files

These commands permit you to input and output files other than the named file with which you are currently working.

	:r filename<Return>	read file named filename and insert after current line (the line with cursor)
	:w<Return>	write current contents to file named in original vi call
	:w newfile<Return>	write current contents to a new file named newfile
	:12,35w smallfile<Return>	write the contents of the lines numbered 12 through 35 to a new file named smallfile
	:w! prevfile<Return>	write current contents over a pre-existing file named prevfile

VI CHEATSHEET

Quitting
: x	Exit, saving changes
:q	Exit as long as there have been no changes
ZZ	Exit and save changes if any have been made
:q!	Exit and ignore any changes
Inserting Text
i	Insert before cursor
I	Insert before line
a	Append after cursor
A	Append after line
o	Open a new line after current line
O	Open a new line before current line
r	Replace one character
R	Replace many characters
Motion
h	Move left
j	Move down
k	Move up
l	Move right
w	Move to next word
W	Move to next blank delimited word
b	Move to the beginning of the word
B	Move to the beginning of blank delimted word
e	Move to the end of the word
E	Move to the end of Blank delimited word
(	Move a sentence back
)	Move a sentence forward
{	Move a paragraph back
}	Move a paragraph forward
0	Move to the begining of the line
$	Move to the end of the line
1G	Move to the first line of the file
G	Move to the last line of the file
nG	Move to nth line of the file
:n	Move to nth line of the file
fc	Move forward to c
Fc	Move back to c
H	Move to top of screen
M	Move to middle of screen
L	Move to botton of screen
%	Move to associated ( ), { }, [ ]
:0	Move to the beginning of the file
:$	Move to the end of the file
[ctrl] + d	go down half a screen
[ctrl] + u	go up half a screen
[ctrl] + f	go forward a screen
[ctrl] + b	go back a screen
Deleting Text
x	Delete character to the right of cursor
X	Delete character to the left of cursor
D	Delete to the end of the line
dd	Delete current line
:d	Delete current line
Yanking Text
yy	Yank the current line
:y	Yank the current line
Changing text
C	Change to the end of the line
cc	Change the whole line
guu	lowercase line
gUU	uppercase line
~	Toggle upp and lower case
Putting text
p	Put after the position or after the line
P	Put before the poition or before the line
Markers
mc	Set marker c on this line
`c	Go to beginning of marker c line.
‘c	Go to first non-blank character of marker c line.
Search for strings
/string	Search forward for string
?string	Search back for string
n	Search for next instance of string
N	Search for previous instance of string
Replace
:s/pat­ter­n/s­tri­ng/­flags	Replace pattern with string according to flags.
g	Flag – Replace all occurences of pattern
c	Flag – Confirm replaces.

Modes

Vi has two modes insertion mode and command mode. The editor begins in command mode, where the cursor movement and text deletion and pasting occur. Insertion mode begins upon entering an insertion or change command. [ESC] returns the editor to command mode (where you can quit, for example by typing :q!). Most commands execute as soon as you type them except for “­col­on” commands which execute when you press the ruturn key.