Sys Admin | fVckin

Perl or Python

Whereas Python was invented initially as a successor to ABC language merely as a “hobby” programming project (which would attract Unix/C hackers) for the author who named it after the series of his biggest star Monty Python.Perl was just nearly around 2 years earlier as a Unix scripting language which intended to make report processing easier. It was a mixture of combination of many languages including C, awk, sed and shell script.

The thing which is worth noting is that these languages which evolved of different intentions are being constantly compared, which has made me study and figure out the reasons, of which some important ones are listed as below:

Both targeted Unix Operating System, one for hackers and other to process reports.
Both are object oriented (Python being the more) and interpreted, with one being strongly typed and clear when it comes to coding i.e. Python, and other allowing ugly typing with braces for representing a block i.e. Perl
Both are opposite in principle when we say, Perl has many ways of doing a single task while python focuses on one and only one way of doing things.
Python takes huge advantage over Perl when it comes to code readability. Python’s code is lot more cleaner to understand than that of Perl even when reading code after years.With indentation representing the block of code, and proper structuring, Python’s code is a lot more cleaner. On other hand Perl borrows its syntax from various programming languages like: C, shell scripting and even awk and sed filters when it comes to regular expressions.

Python takes huge advantage over Perl when it comes to code readability. Python’s code is lot more cleaner to understand than that of Perl even when reading code after years.With indentation representing the block of code, and proper structuring, Python’s code is a lot more cleaner. On other hand Perl borrows its syntax from various programming languages like: C, shell scripting and even awk and sed filters when it comes to regular expressions.

Python PROS:
Has a clean and elegant syntax which makes this language a great choice as first programming language for novices who want to have a hands-on on any programming language.
Has very advanced and inherent OO Programming, also thread programming in Python is way better than Perl.
There are many application areas where Python is preferred and even it outperforms Perl. Like: Perl is preferred for CGI scripting but now a days Python’s Django and web2py like web scripting languages are becoming more popular and have huge attraction from the industry.
Has several SWIG wrappers for different programming languages like: CPython, IronPython and Jython and development of these has preceded the development of SWIG wrappers for Perl.
Python code is always well indented and easy to read and understand even if you are reading someone else’s code or even your code after years.
Python is good for various applications like: Big Data, Infra Automation, Machine Learning, NLP etc, is has huge support of active communities because of being Open Source.

Perl PROS:
Perl has powerful one liners and even ensures UNIX piping like syntax which can be used on command line to perform various tasks, also it is influenced by Unix and its command line programming so integrates many UNIX influenced commands in its coding.
Perl is known for its powerful regex and string comparison operations as it is influenced by sed and awk like powerful UNIX tools. In case of regex and string operations like: substitution, matching, replacement, Perl outperforms python which would take few lines of code to achieve the same. Also many file I/O operations, exception handling are done faster on Perl.
When it comes to a language for report generation, Perl has always been in the fame since its introduction as one of the main reasons for author to develop language like Perl was for report generation.
Many application areas where Perl finds its use are Network Programming, System Administration, CGI Scripting (here Python is overcoming Perl with Django and web2py) etc.

As seen above where both languages are good on their regard as per the applications they target, Python takes a bit of advantage over Perl as a first choice for a novice due to its clean and easy to understand code, where as on other hand Perl outperforms Python when it comes to string manipulation operations and some advanced one liners for UNIX like OS and various other operations it is known for.

Perl is better. May not be easier but better.
Perl has almost no constraints. It’s philosophy is that there is more than one way to do it (TIMTOWTDI, pronounced Tim Toady).Python artificially restricts what you can do as a programmer. It’s philosophy is that there should be one way to do it. If you don’t agree with Guido’s way of doing it, you’re shit out of luck.

Basically, Python is Perl with training wheels. Training wheels are a great thing for a beginner, but eventually you should outgrow them. Yes, riding without training wheels is less safe. You can wreck and make a bloody mess of yourself. But you can also do things that you can’t do if you have training wheels. You can go faster and do interesting and useful tricks that aren’t possible otherwise. Perl gives you great power, but with great power comes great responsibility.

A big thing that Pythonistas tout as their superiority is that Python forces you to write clean code. That’s true, it does… at the point of a gun, sometimes at the detriment of simplicity or brevity. Perl merely gives you the tools to write clean code (perltidy, perlcritic, use strict, /x option for commenting regexes) and gently encourages you to use them.

Perl gives you more than enough rope to hang yourself (and not just rope, Perl gives you bungee cords, wire, chain, string, and just about any other thing you can possibly hang yourself with). This can be a problem. Python was a reaction to this, and their idea of “solving” the problem was to only give you one piece of rope and make it so short you can’t possibly hurt yourself with it. If you want to tie a bungee cord around your waist and jump off a bridge, Python says “no way, bungee cords aren’t allowed”. Perl says “Here you go, hope you know what you are doing… and by the way here are some things that you can optionally use if you want to be safer”

Linux Command Line Cheat Sheet

Bash Commands

uname -a	Show system and kernel
head -n1 /etc/issue	Show distribution
mount	Show mounted filesystems
date	Show system date
uptime	Show uptime
whoami	Show your username
man command	Show manual for command

Bash Shortcuts

CTRL-c	Stop current command
CTRL-z	Sleep program
CTRL-a	Go to start of line
CTRL-e	Go to end of line
CTRL-u	Cut from start of line
CTRL-k	Cut to end of line
CTRL-r	Search history
!!	Repeat last command
!abc	Run last command starting with abc
!abc:p	Print last command starting with abc
!$	Last argument of previous command
ALT-.	Last argument of previous command
!*	All arguments of previous command
^abc^123	Run previous command, replacing abc with 123

Bash Variables

env	Show environment variables
echo $NAME	Output value of $NAME variable
export NAME=value	Set $NAME to value
$PATH	Executable search path
$HOME	Home directory
$SHELL	Current shell

IO Redirection

cmd < file

Input of cmd from file

cmd1 <(cmd2)

Output of cmd2 as file input to cmd1

cmd > file

Standard output (stdout) of cmd to file

cmd > /dev/null

Discard stdout of cmd

cmd >> file

Append stdout to file

cmd 2> file

Error output (stderr) of cmd to file

cmd 1>&2

stdout to same place as stderr

cmd 2>&1

stderr to same place as stdout

cmd &> file

Every output of cmd to file

cmd refers to a command.

Pipes

cmd1 | cmd2

stdout of cmd1 to cmd2

cmd1 |& cmd2

stderr of cmd1 to cmd2

Command Lists

cmd1 ; cmd2

Run cmd1 then cmd2

cmd1 && cmd2

Run cmd2 if cmd1 is successful

cmd1 || cmd2

Run cmd2 if cmd1 is not successful

cmd &

Run cmd in a subshell

Directory Operations

pwd	Show current directory
mkdir dir	Make directory dir
cd dir	Change directory to dir
cd ..	Go up a directory
ls	List files

ls Options

-a	Show all (including hidden)
-R	Recursive list
-r	Reverse order
-t	Sort by last modified
-S	Sort by file size
-l	Long listing format
-1	One file per line
-m	Comma-separated output
-Q	Quoted output

Search Files

grep pattern files	Search for pattern in files
grep -i	Case insensitive search
grep -r	Recursive search
grep -v	Inverted search
grep -o	Show matched part of file only
find /dir/ -name name*	Find files starting with name in dir
find /dir/ -user name	Find files owned by name in dir
find /dir/ -mmin num	Find files modifed less than num minutes ago in dir
whereis command	Find binary / source / manual for command
locate file	Find file (quick search of system index)

File Operations

touch file1

Create file1

cat file1 file2

Concatenate files and output

less file1

View and paginate file1

file file1

Get type of file1

cp file1 file2

Copy file1 to file2

mv file1file2

Move file1 to file2

rm file1

Delete file1

head file1

Show first 10 lines of file1

tail file1

Show last 10 lines of file1

tail -F file1

Output last lines of file1 as it changes

Watch a Command

watch -n 5 ‘ntpq -p’

Issue the ‘ntpq -p’ command every 5 seconds and display output

Process Management

ps	Show snapshot of processes
top	Show real time processes
kill pid	Kill process with id pid
pkill name	Kill process with name name
killall name	Kill all processes with names beginning name

Nano Shortcuts

Files
Ctrl-R	Read file
Ctrl-O	Save file
Ctrl-X	Close file
Cut and Paste
ALT-A	Start marking text
CTRL-K	Cut marked text or line
CTRL-U	Paste text
Navigate File
ALT-/	End of file
CTRL-A	Beginning of line
CTRL-E	End of line
CTRL-C	Show line number
CTRL-_	Go to line number
Search File
CTRL-W	Find
ALT-W	Find next
CTRL-\	Search and replace

More nano info at:
http://www.nano-editor.org/docs.php

Screen Shortcuts

screen

Start a screen session.

screen -r

Resume a screen session.

screen -list

Show your current screen sessions.

CTRL-A

Activate commands for screen.

CTRL-A c

Create a new instance of terminal.

CTRL-A n

Go to the next instance of terminal.

CTRL-A p

Go to the previous instance of terminal.

CTRL-A “

Show current instances of terminals.

CTRL-A A

Rename the current instance.

More screen info at:
http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/

File Permissions

chmod 775 file

Change mode of file to 775

chmod -R 600 folder

Recursively chmod folder to 600

chown user:group file

Change file owner to user and group to group

File Permission Numbers

First digit is owner permission, second is group and third is everyone.
Calculate permission digits by adding numbers below.
4	read (r)
2	write (w)
1	execute (x)

RegEx Cheatheet

PCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expressions) is a C library implementing regex. It was written in 1997 when Perl was the de-facto choice for complex text processing tasks. The syntax for patterns used in PCRE closely resembles Perl. PCRE syntax is being used in many big projects called flavors – .NET, Java, JavaScript, XRegExp, Perl, PCRE, Python, and Ruby, and the programming languages C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, and VB.NET.
PCRE’s syntax is much more powerful and flexible than either of the POSIX regular expression flavors and than that of many other regular-expression libraries.
we’re focused on PRCE mostly unless stated!

Anchors

^	Start of string, or start of line in multi-line pattern
\A	Start of string
$	End of string, or end of line in multi-line pattern
\Z	End of string
\b	Word boundary
\B	Not word boundary
\<	Start of word
\>	End of word

Character Classes

\c	Control character
\s	White space
\S	Not white space
\d	Digit
\D	Not digit
\w	Word
\W	Not word
\x	Hexadecimal digit
\O	Octal digit

POSIX

[:upper:]	Upper case letters
[:lower:]	Lower case letters
[:alpha:]	All letters
[:alnum:]	Digits and letters
[:digit:]	Digits
[:xdigit:]	Hexadecimal digits
[:punct:]	Punctuation
[:blank:]	Space and tab
[:space:]	Blank characters
[:cntrl:]	Control characters
[:graph:]	Printed characters
[:print:]	Printed characters and spaces
[:word:]	Digits, letters and underscore

Assertions

?=	Lookahead assertion
?!	Negative lookahead
?<=	Lookbehind assertion
?!= or ?<!	Negative lookbehind
?>	Once-only Subexpression
?()	Condition [if then]
?()\|	Condition [if then else]
?#	Comment

Groups and Ranges

.	Any character except new line (\n)
(a\|b)	a or b
(…)	Group
(?:…)	Passive (non-capturing) group
[abc]	Range (a or b or c)
[^abc]	Not (a or b or c)
[a-q]	Lower case letter from a to q
[A-Q]	Upper case letter from A to Q
[0-7]	Digit from 0 to 7
\x	Group/subpattern number “x”

Ranges are inclusive.

Pattern Modifiers

g	Global match
i *	Case-insensitive
m *	Multiple lines
s *	Treat string as single line
x *	Allow comments and whitespace in pattern
e *	Evaluate replacement
U *	Ungreedy pattern

* PCRE modifier

String Replacement

$n	nth non-passive group
$2	“xyz” in /^(abc(xyz))$/
$1	“xyz” in /^(?:abc)(xyz)$/
$`	Before matched string
$’	After matched string
$+	Last matched string
$&	Entire matched string

Some regex implementations use \ instead of $.

Hidden chars or shortcuts

\s = [ \t\n\r\f]
\d = [0-9]
\w = [a-zA-Z_0-9])

Quantifiers

*	0 or more	{3}	Exactly 3
+	1 or more	{3,}	3 or more
?	0 or 1	{3,5}	3, 4 or 5

Add a ? to a quantifier to make it ungreedy.

Escape Sequences

\	Escape following character
\Q	Begin literal sequence
\E	End literal sequence

“Escaping” is a way of treating characters which have a special meaning in regular expressions literally, rather than as special characters.

Common Metacharacters

^	[	.	$
{	*	(	\
+	)	\|	?
<	> ]

The escape character is usually \

Special Characters

\n	New line
\r	Carriage return
\t	Tab
\v	Vertical tab
\f	Form feed
\xxx	Octal character xxx
\xhh	Hex character hh

Case Conversion

\l      Make next character lowercase
\u     Make next character uppercase
\L Make entire string (up to \E) lowercase
\U    Make entire string (up to \E) uppercase
\u\L Capitalize first char, lowercase rest (sentence)

PCRE regex quick reference

[abx-z]	One character of: a, b, or the range x-z
[^abx-z]	One character except: a, b, or the range x-z
a\|b	a or b
a?	Zero or one a’s (greedy)
a??	Zero or one a’s (lazy)
a*	Zero or more a’s (greedy)
a*?	Zero or more a’s (lazy)
a+	One or more a’s (greedy)
a+?	One or more a’s (lazy)
a{4}	Exactly 4 a’s
a{4,8}	Between (inclusive) 4 and 8 a’s
a{9,}	9 or more a’s
(?>…)	An atomic group
(?=…)	A positive lookahead
(?!…)	A negative lookahead
(?<=…)	A positive lookbehind
(?<!…)	A negative lookbehind
(?:…)	A non-capturing group
(…)	A capturing group
(?P<n>…)	A capturing group named n

^	Beginning of the string
$	End of the string
\d	A digit (same as [0-9])
\D	A non-digit (same as [^0-9])
\w	A word character (same as [_a-zA-Z0-9])
\W	A non-word character (same as [^_a-zA-Z0-9])
\s	A whitespace character
\S	A non-whitespace character
\b	A word boundary
\B	A non-word boundary
\n	A newline
\t	A tab
\cY	The control character with the hex code Y
\xYY	The character with the hex code YY
\uYYYY	The character with the hex code YYYY
.	Any character
\Y	The Y’th captured group
(?1)	Recurse into numbered group 1
(?&x)	Recurse into named group x
(?P=n)	The captured group named ‘n’
(?#…)	A comment

Evernote Cheat Sheet

Search – Notebooks

Include	notebook:MyNotes
Multi-word	notebook:”My Notes”

This must be the 1^st search term.

Search – Tags

Include	tag:MyTag
Exclude	-tag:MyTag
Wildcard	tag:MyTag*
Multi-words	tag:”My Tag“
Tagged notes	tag:*
Untagged notes	-tag:*

For wildcard, the asterisk must be at the end. There is no way to combine wildcard with multi-words.

Search – To Do

Any	todo:*
Unchecked	todo:false
Checked	todo:true

Search – Source

Email	source:mail.smtp
Web page	source:web.clip
Mobile	source:mobile.*
Application	source:app.*
Delicious	source:delicious

Search – Resource

Audio	resource:audio/*
Image	resource:image/*
GIF	resource:image/gif
Ink	resource:application/vnd.evernote.ink
PDF	resource:application/pdf
Handwriting	recoType:handwritten
To do	todo:*
Encryption	encryption:
Attachment	attachment:true
Tag	tag:*

Search – General

Include	MyText
Exclude	–MyText
Wildcard	MyTe*
Multiple words	“My Text“

This will search the body, title, and tag attributes.

Search – Other

Title	intitle:MyText
OR search	any:MyText “Other text”

Search – Dates

Created date	created:day
Updated date	updated:day
Day terms
Date	20120704
Date and time	20120704T090000
Date and time (GMT)	20120704T090000Z
Today	day
Yesterday	day-1
30 days ago	day-30
This week	week
Last week	week-1
This month	month
Last month	month-1
This year	year
Last year	year-1
Examples
Created yesterday (only)	-created:day created:day-1
Updated on July 4^th, 2012	updated:20120704
Updated last year (only)	-updated:year updated:year-1
Older than a year	-created:year

Will match any note that has a timestamp that is equal to, or more recent than, the provided datetime.

EN – Mac Global Shortcuts

New note	⌃⌘N
Paste to Evernote	⌃⌘V
Clip rectangle	⌃⌘C
Find in Evernote	⌃⌘E

You must have the Evernote Helper running for these to work.

EN – PC Global Shortcuts

New note	Ctrl+Alt+N
Find in Evernote	Win+Shift+F
Capture screen	Win+PrintScreen
Copy selection	Win+A
Past clipboard	Ctrl+Alt+V

Evernote must be running in the system tray.

EN – Limits

Account Limits
Tags	100,000
Notebooks	250
Saved searches	100
Notes	100,000
Upload limit/month	1 GB (or 60 MB)
Linked notebooks	100
Shared notebooks	250
Note limits
Tags	100
Resources	1,000
Size	50MB (or 25MB)
Field limits
Tag name	100 chars
Note title	255 chars
Notebook name	100 chars
Saved search name	100 chars

VI Editor Cheatsheet

Intro

The default editor that comes with the UNIX operating system is called vi (visual editor). [Alternate editors for UNIX environments include vim, nano, pico and emacs, a product of GNU.] The UNIX vi editor is a full screen editor and has two modes of operation:

Command mode commands which cause action to be taken on the file, and
Insert mode in which entered text is inserted into the file.

In the command mode, every character typed is a command that does something to the text file being edited; a character typed in the command mode may even cause the vi editor to enter the insert mode. In the insert mode, every character typed is added to the text in the file; pressing the <Esc> (Escape) key turns off the Insert mode.

The vi editor opens in this mode, and it only understands commands
In this mode, you can, move the cursor and cut, copy, paste the text
This mode also saves the changes you have made to the file
Commands are case sensitive. You should use the right letter case.
While there are a number of vi commands, just a handful of these is usually sufficient for beginning vi users. To assist such users, here’s a list that contains a sampling of basic vi commands. The most basic and useful commands are marked with an asterisk (* or star) in the tables below. With practice, these commands should become automatic.

To Start `vi`

To use vi on a file, type in vi filename. If the file named filename exists, then the first page (or screen) of the file will be displayed; if the file does not exist, then an empty file and screen are created into which you may enter text.

*	`vi filename`	edit `filename` starting at line 1
	`vi -r filename`	recover `filename` that was being edited when system crashed

To Exit `vi`

Usually the new or modified file is saved when you leave vi. However, it is also possible to quit vi without saving the file.

Note: The cursor moves to bottom of screen whenever a colon (:) is typed. This type of command is completed by hitting the <Return> (or <Enter>) key.

*	`😡<Return>`	quit `vi`, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
	`:wq<Return>`	quit `vi`, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
	`:q<Return>`	quit (or exit) `vi`
*	`:q!<Return>`	quit `vi` even though latest changes have not been saved for this `vi` call

Moving the Cursor

Unlike many of the PC and MacIntosh editors, the mouse does not move the cursor within the vi editor screen (or window). You must use the the key commands listed below. On some UNIX platforms, the arrow keys may be used as well; however, since vi was designed with the Qwerty keyboard (containing no arrow keys) in mind, the arrow keys sometimes produce strange effects in vi and should be avoided.

If you go back and forth between a PC environment and a UNIX environment, you may find that this dissimilarity in methods for cursor movement is the most frustrating difference between the two.

In the table below, the symbol ^ before a letter means that the <Ctrl> key should be held down while the letter key is pressed.

*	`j` or `<Return>` [or down-arrow]	move cursor down one line
*	`k` [or up-arrow]	move cursor up one line
*	`h` or `<Backspace>` [or left-arrow]	move cursor left one character
*	`l` or `<Space>` [or right-arrow]	move cursor right one character
*	`0` (zero)	move cursor to start of current line (the one with the cursor)
*	`$`	move cursor to end of current line
	`w`	move cursor to beginning of next word
	`b`	move cursor back to beginning of preceding word
	`:0<Return> or 1G`	move cursor to first line in file
	`:n<Return> or nG`	move cursor to line `n`
	`:$<Return> or G`	move cursor to last line in file

Screen Manipulation

The following commands allow the vi editor screen (or window) to move up or down several lines and to be refreshed.

	`^f`	move forward one screen
	`^b`	move backward one screen
	`^d`	move down (forward) one half screen
	`^u`	move up (back) one half screen
	`^l`	redraws the screen
	`^r`	redraws the screen, removing deleted lines

Adding, Changing, and Deleting Text

Unlike PC editors, you cannot replace or delete text by highlighting it with the mouse. Instead use the commands in the following tables.

Perhaps the most important command is the one that allows you to back up and undo your last action. Unfortunately, this command acts like a toggle, undoing and redoing your most recent action. You cannot go back more than one step.

*	`u`	UNDO WHATEVER YOU JUST DID; a simple toggle

The main purpose of an editor is to create, add, or modify text for a file.

Inserting or Adding Text

The following commands allow you to insert and add text. Each of these commands puts the vi editor into insert mode; thus, the <Esc> key must be pressed to terminate the entry of text and to put the vi editor back into command mode.

*	`i`	insert text before cursor, until `<Esc>` hit
	`I`	insert text at beginning of current line, until `<Esc>` hit
*	`a`	append text after cursor, until `<Esc>` hit
	`A`	append text to end of current line, until `<Esc>` hit
*	`o`	open and put text in a new line below current line, until `<Esc>` hit
*	`O`	open and put text in a new line above current line, until `<Esc>` hit

Changing Text

The following commands allow you to modify text.

*	`r`	replace single character under cursor (no `<Esc>` needed)
	`R`	replace characters, starting with current cursor position, until `<Esc>` hit
	`cw`	change the current word with new text, starting with the character under cursor, until `<Esc>` hit
	`cNw`	change `N` words beginning with character under cursor, until `<Esc>` hit; e.g., `c5w` changes 5 words
	`C`	change (replace) the characters in the current line, until `<Esc>` hit
	`cc`	change (replace) the entire current line, stopping when `<Esc>` is hit
	`Ncc` or `cNc`	change (replace) the next N lines, starting with the current line, stopping when `<Esc>` is hit

Deleting Text

The following commands allow you to delete text.

*	`x`	delete single character under cursor
	`Nx`	delete N characters, starting with character under cursor
	`dw 4dd`	delete the single word beginning with character under cursor Delete 4 words
	`dNw`	delete `N` words beginning with character under cursor; e.g., `d5w` deletes 5 words
	`D`	delete the remainder of the line, starting with current cursor position
*	`dd 3dd`	delete entire current line Delete 3 lines
	`Ndd` or `dNd`	delete `N` lines, beginning with the current line; e.g., `5dd` deletes 5 lines

Cutting and Pasting Text

The following commands allow you to copy and paste text.

	`yy`	copy (yank, cut) the current line into the buffer
	`Nyy` or `yNy`	copy (yank, cut) the next N lines, including the current line, into the buffer
	`p`	put (paste) the line(s) in the buffer into the text after the current line

Searching Text

A common occurrence in text editing is to replace one word or phase by another. To locate instances of particular sets of characters (or strings), use the following commands.

	`/string`	search forward for occurrence of `string` in text
	`?string`	search backward for occurrence of `string` in text
	`n`	move to next occurrence of search string
	`N`	move to next occurrence of search string in opposite direction

Determining Line Numbers

Being able to determine the line number of the current line or the total number of lines in the file being edited is sometimes useful.

	`:.=`	returns line number of current line at bottom of screen
	`:=`	returns the total number of lines at bottom of screen
	`^g`	provides the current line number, along with the total number of lines, in the file at the bottom of the screen

Saving and Reading Files

These commands permit you to input and output files other than the named file with which you are currently working.

	`:r filename<Return>`	read file named `filename` and insert after current line (the line with cursor)
	`:w<Return>`	write current contents to file named in original `vi` call
	`:w newfile<Return>`	write current contents to a new file named `newfile`
	`:12,35w smallfile<Return>`	write the contents of the lines numbered 12 through 35 to a new file named `smallfile`
	`:w! prevfile<Return>`	write current contents over a pre-existing file named `prevfile`

VI CHEATSHEET

Quitting

: x	Exit, saving changes
:q	Exit as long as there have been no changes
ZZ	Exit and save changes if any have been made
:q!	Exit and ignore any changes

Inserting Text

i	Insert before cursor
I	Insert before line
a	Append after cursor
A	Append after line
o	Open a new line after current line
O	Open a new line before current line
r	Replace one character
R	Replace many characters

Motion

h	Move left
j	Move down
k	Move up
l	Move right
w	Move to next word
W	Move to next blank delimited word
b	Move to the beginning of the word
B	Move to the beginning of blank delimted word
e	Move to the end of the word
E	Move to the end of Blank delimited word
(	Move a sentence back
)	Move a sentence forward
{	Move a paragraph back
}	Move a paragraph forward
0	Move to the begining of the line
$	Move to the end of the line
1G	Move to the first line of the file
G	Move to the last line of the file
nG	Move to nth line of the file
:n	Move to nth line of the file
fc	Move forward to c
Fc	Move back to c
H	Move to top of screen
M	Move to middle of screen
L	Move to botton of screen
%	Move to associated ( ), { }, [ ]
:0	Move to the beginning of the file
:$	Move to the end of the file
[ctrl] + d	go down half a screen
[ctrl] + u	go up half a screen
[ctrl] + f	go forward a screen
[ctrl] + b	go back a screen






Deleting Text

x	Delete character to the right of cursor
X	Delete character to the left of cursor
D	Delete to the end of the line
dd	Delete current line
:d	Delete current line

Yanking Text

yy	Yank the current line
:y	Yank the current line

Changing text

C	Change to the end of the line
cc	Change the whole line
guu	lowercase line
gUU	uppercase line
~	Toggle upp and lower case

Putting text

p	Put after the position or after the line
P	Put before the poition or before the line

Markers

mc	Set marker c on this line
`c	Go to beginning of marker c line.
‘c	Go to first non-blank character of marker c line.


Search for strings

/string	Search forward for string
?string	Search back for string
n	Search for next instance of string
N	Search for previous instance of string

Replace

:s/pattern/string/flags	Replace pattern with string according to flags.
g	Flag – Replace all occurences of pattern
c	Flag – Confirm replaces.

Modes

Vi has two modes insertion mode and command mode. The editor begins in command mode, where the cursor movement and text deletion and pasting occur. Insertion mode begins upon entering an insertion or change command. [ESC] returns the editor to command mode (where you can quit, for example by typing :q!). Most commands execute as soon as you type them except for “colon” commands which execute when you press the ruturn key.

HTML character cheat sheet

HTML	Character	Entities
		Space
!	!	Exclamation mark
"	“	Quotation mark
#	#	Pound / hash
$	$	Dollar sign
%	%	Percent sign
&	&	Ampersand
'	`	Apostrophe
(	(	Left bracket
)	)	Right bracket
*	*	Asterisk
+	+	Plus
,	,	Comma
-	–	Hyphen
.	.	Period
/	/	Forward Slash
0	0	Zero
1	1	One
2	2	Two
3	3	Three
4	4	Four
5	5	Five
6	6	Six
7	7	Seven
8	8	Eight
9	9	Nine
:	:	Colon
;	;	Semicolon
<	<	Less than
=	=	Equals
>	>	Greater than
?	?	Question mark
@	@	“At” symbol
A	A	Upper case A
B	B	Upper case B
C	C	Upper case C
D	D	Upper case D
E	E	Upper case E
F	F	Upper case F
G	G	Upper case G
H	H	Upper case H
I	I	Upper case I
J	J	Upper case J
K	K	Upper case K
L	L	Upper case L
M	M	Upper case M
N	N	Upper case N
O	O	Upper case O
P	P	Upper case P
Q	Q	Upper case Q
R	R	Upper case R
S	S	Upper case S
T	T	Upper case T
U	U	Upper case U
V	V	Upper case V
W	W	Upper case W
X	X	Upper case X
Y	Y	Upper case Y
Z	Z	Upper case Z
[	[	Left square bracket
\	\	Backslash
]	]	Right square bracket
^	^	Caret
_	_	Underscore
`	`	Single quote / backtick

HTML	Character	Entities
a	a	Lower case a
b	b	Lower case b
c	c	Lower case c
d	d	Lower case d
e	e	Lower case e
f	f	Lower case f
g	g	Lower case g
h	h	Lower case h
i	i	Lower case i
j	j	Lower case j
k	k	Lower case k
l	l	Lower case l
m	m	Lower case m
n	n	Lower case n
o	o	Lower case o
p	p	Lower case p
q	q	Lower case q
r	r	Lower case r
s	s	Lower case s
t	t	Lower case t
u	u	Lower case u
v	v	Lower case v
w	w	Lower case w
x	x	Lower case x
y	y	Lower case y
z	z	Lower case z
{	{	Left curly brace
\|	\|	Pipe
}	}	Right curly brace
~	~	Tilde
		Delete
		Non-breaking space
¡	¡	Inverted exclamation mark
¢	¢	Cent symbol
£	£	Pound symbol
¤	¤	Currency symbol
¥	¥	Yen symbol
¦	¦	Broken pipe
§	§	Section symbol
¨	¨	Umlaut
©	©	Copyright
ª	ª	Feminine ordinal
«	«	Double-left arrow
¬	¬	“Not” symbol
		Soft hyphen
®	®	Registered
¯	¯	Overline
°	°	Degree symbol
±	±	Plus or minus
²	²	Squared
³	³	Cubed
´	´	Acute accent
µ	µ	Micro symbol
¶	¶	Paragraph symbol
·	·	Middle dot
¸	¸	Cedilla
¹	¹	Superscript 1
º	º	Masculine ordinal
»	»	Double-right arrow
¼	¼	One quarter
½	½	One half

HTML	Character	Entities
¾	¾	Three quarters
¿	¿	Inverted question mark
À	À	A with grave
Á	Á	A with acute
Â	Â	A with circumflex
Ã	Ã	A with tilde
Ä	Ä	A with umlaut
Å	Å	A with ring
Æ	Æ	AE
Ç	Ç	C with cedilla
È	È	E with grave
É	É	E with acute
Ê	Ê	E with circumflex
Ë	Ë	E with umlaut
Ì	Ì	I with grave
Í	Í	I with acute
Î	Î	I with circumflex
Ï	Ï	I with umlaut
Ð	Ð	ETH
Ñ	Ñ	N with tilde
Ò	Ò	O with grave
Ó	Ó	O with acute
Ô	Ô	O with circumflex
Õ	Õ	O with tilde
Ö	Ö	O with umlaut
×	×	Multiply symbol
Ø	Ø	O with slash
Ù	Ù	U with grave
Ú	Ú	U with acute
Û	Û	U with circumflex
Ü	Ü	U with umlaut
Ý	Ý	Y with acute
Þ	Þ	THORN
ß	ß	Sharp S
à	à	a with grave
á	á	a with acute
â	â	a with circumflex
ã	ã	a with tilde
ä	ä	a with umlaut
å	å	a with ring
æ	æ	ae
ç	ç	c with cedilla
è	è	e with grave
é	é	e with acute
ê	ê	e with circumflex
ë	ë	e with umlaut
ì	ì	i with grave
í	í	i with acute
î	î	i with circumflex
ï	ï	i with umlaut
ð	ð	ETH
ñ	ñ	n with tilde
ò	ò	o with grave
ó	ó	o with acute
ô	ô	o with circumflex
õ	õ	o with tilde
ö	ö	o with umlaut
÷	÷	Divide symbol
ø	ø	o with slash
ù	ù	u with grave
ú	ú	u with acute
û	û	u with circumflex
ü	ü	u with umlaut
ý	ý	y with acute
þ	þ	THORN
ÿ	ÿ	y with umlaut

Crypto slang

https://ethicsalarms.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/caution-hard-lesson-ahead.jpg

List of the most widespread acronyms in the cryptocurrency community

HODL

Hodl (/ˈhɒdəl/ HOD-əl; often written HODL) is slang in for holding the cryptocurrency rather than selling it. It originated in a December 2013 post on the Bitcoin Forum message board by an apparently inebriated user who posted with a typo in the subject, “I AM HODLING.” Also is a backronim of – “Hold on for dear life.”

FUD

FUD is Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt (often spread on social media or mass media). FUD can cause the price of a coin to drop, not based on fundamentals or charts, but based on bad news that spreads around social media. Many times the bad news isn’t substantiated or grounded in reality, and instead ends up being something silly like a popular talking head’s opinion that Bitcoin is a bubble. The fear, uncertainty, and doubt-inducing idea being spread around media can be referred to as FUD.

FOMO

FOMO is a more personal thing. Its the fear of missing out on something that others are enjoying (for example the fear of missing out on Bitcoin gains while others are picking out their Lambos). FOMO might drive you to buy into a coin, not take profits on a coin, or not to set stops on a coin that has already gone up considerably. It is the idea you get in your head that rational profit taking or waiting for a reentry point now will result in you missing out. This fear of missing out is what causes people to buy at the top or hold during a dip after making profits (only to lose some or all of their profits again). People can be said to get FOMO when they act on impulse due to the fear of missing out.
(A coin is pumping and you get the feeling it’s gonna pump more, so you buy high)

“As in most walks of life, in cryptocurrency trading specifically, neither FUD nor FOMO is your friend. Since this is a cryptocurrency site, let’s discuss how FUD and FOMO relate to crypto. “

BTFD

BTFD “Buy The Fucking Dip” – When people are running around and selling because of fear, this is the time to buy.

ATH

ATH. Short form for “All-Time High”. Therefore it means the highest historical price of a specific coin.

Moon

Moon. Extreme bullish movement of a coin.

Whale

Whale. A huge player who has a substantial amount of capital. Whales are said to have the ability to be market movers for small alt-coins too due to their huge capital.

PUMP

PUMP. Upward price movement (artificially pulled up)

DUMP

DUMP. To Sell off a coin

Dumping

Dumping. Downward price movement

Pump and Dump

Pump and Dump. The recurring cycle of an Altcoin getting a spike in price followed by a huge crash. Such movements are often attributed to low volume, hence the ‘pump’. Traders who pump, buying huge volumes, may wish to invoke FOMO from the uninformed investors and then dump, or sell, their coins at a higher price.

REKT

REKT. When you have a bad loss

Shill

Shill. The act of unsolicited endorsing of the coin in public. Traders who bought a coin has an interest in shilling the coin, in hopes of igniting the public’s interest in that particular coin.

Bag Holder

Bag Holder. A person who buys and hold coins in large quantity hoping to make good profits in the future. A term to refer to a trader who bought in at a high and missed his opportunity to sell, leaving him with worthless coins. Also in negative sense: “A person convinced to hold bags of worthless assets dumped by the last whales exiting an illiquid market.”

ASHDRAKED

ASHDRAKED. A situation where you lost all your money.

BEAR/BEARISH

BEAR/BEARISH. Negative price movement

BULL/BULLISH

BULL/BULLISH. Positive price movement

Dildo

Dildo Long green or red candles

DYOR

DYOR. Do Your Own Research

FA

FA. Fundamental Analysis

Candle

CANDLE. Huge green candle

OTC

OTC. Over The Counter

Margin Trading

Margin Trading. A term for ‘trading with leverage’. In this instance of trading, you borrow one side of the trading pair at an agreed loan rate and sell it for the other side of the trading pair. Depending on the direction you believe the market to move, you may place a long or a short bet on the trading pair of concern.

Long

Long. A position that a trader takes. To take a long position on something is to believe its value will rise in the future. Margin bull position

Short

Short. A position that a trader takes. To take a short position on a coin is to believe its value will fall in the future. Margin bear position.

Limit Order

Limit Order. An order placed at a future price that will execute when the price target is hit.

Borrowing Rate

Borrowing Rate. When you open a leveraged position, you will be borrowing coins at a pre-determined rate. This rate will be added to reflect your position’s overall profit and loss.

Lending Rate

Lending Rate. Some exchanges have lending accounts. You may deposit your coins into these lending accounts to lend your coins for others to execute their leveraged trades. The lending rate fluctuates throughout the day based on the demand for shorting the coin.

Fill or Kill

Fill or Kill. A limit order that will not execute unless an opposite order exceeds this limit order’s amount.

BUY | SELL Wall.

BUY | SELL Wall. A wall as seen in the depth chart of exchanges is an amalgamation of limit orders of the same price target.

MCAP

MCAP. Market Capitalization

DCA

DCA. Dollar-cost averaging is an investment technique of buying a fixed dollar amount of a particular investment on a regular schedule, regardless of the unit price. The investor purchases more units when prices are low and fewer units when prices are high.
It’s an investment strategy with the goal of reducing the impact of volatility on large purchases of financial assets such as equities and can bi valid for crypto as well.

Altcoin

Altcoin. “Alternate coin” so it is everything other than Bitcoin (BTC). Bitcoin is the main index for cryptocurrency market. If BTC goes up, other coins go up. If BTC goes down, other coins go down.

Shitcoin

Shitcoin. A coin with no potential value or use. Where altcoins are alternative cryptocurrencies in various forms shitcoins are investment vehicles. ICOs. They can have potential value and still be a shitcoin. They are a token rather than the underlying cryptocurrency they run on and thus are categorised separately to altcoins.

Circulating Supply

Circulating Supply. The price of a coin has no meaning on its own. However, the price of a coin, when multiplied by the circulating supply, gives the coin’s market cap.

Market Cap

Market Cap. A stock’s market cap refers to the market value of the company’s outstanding shares.
In the cryptocurrency market, the market cap is used to illustrate a coin’s dominance in the entire cryptocurrency market.

DDOS

DDOS. Short form for ‘Distributed Denial of Service’.
A well-timed DDoS attack at exchanges during volatile movements may be devastating as traders will not be able to execute any order manually and will be at the mercy of their pre-set, or the lack of, limit orders.

ICO

ICO. Short form for “Initial Coin Offering”, which takes a page from the usual IPOs investors know.
Coins bought during ICOs are usually sold for a profit when the coin first hits exchanges. This is due to the initial hype which increases demand for the coin.
On the supply side, ICOs create entry barriers as the buyer has to set up his private wallet to receive the coins from the ICO purchase.

Arbitrage

Arbitrage. The act of buying and selling on different exchanges to earn the difference in the spread. Arbitrage opportunities occur due to differences in exchange reputation, community coin preferences and ease of bank funding.
Take note that fees, limits and prices could change anytime when you are transferring your coins between exchanges, especially during volatile times.

Weak Hands

Weak Hands. Those who cannot be patient and sell at loss when the market is down.

Swing

Swing. Zig zag price movement (Upwards and downwards)

TA

TA. Technical Analysis

Reverse Indicator

Reverse Indicator. Someone who is always wrong predicting price movements.

RSI

RSI. Relative Strength Index

Safu

Safu. A term used to denote ‘Safe’ in cryptosphere.The very first time someone used this term (Safu) was by Bizonnaci YouTube channel, where the YouTuber made this funny video after the Binance CEO tweeted in July 2018 saying ‘Funds are safe.’ But this somehow got turned into a crypto meme and crypto slang.

Crypto Advice 2019

Even as a hodler checking the price so often that it feels like a bumpy road! Possibly The end flag for trade should be below the start point. If you’ve bought in Sept2017 up to now (mid-June2019) you would be in profit of some 13%. Interesting its actually almost identical to the total return of the sp500 since sept 2017. Only sp500 you don’t have this rollercoaster bullshit. Note: In a real recession things can still get nasty, check 2008 ftse dropped 50%, s&p -45% in the span of a few months. If you’ve had the experience of holding through the roller coaster it makes a SP500 market correction of 10 percent laughable insignificant .
“HODL does not have any arrival flag!“
“TRADE has several arrival flags everyday!“
The advantage of trading is it minimizes your loses once the peak is in, assuming your strategy is to sell the “lower lows” and buy once the stabilization is leading towards higher highs. If the stabilization never happens you’re already out before the falling knife logic comes in. That said, I believe in BTC enough to keep the house money in hold mode for now.
Overall, the end flag is we’re rich : )
For the acronims below please check the cryptoslang post at http://fvck.in/crypto-slang/

Theres a list of advices one should follow for higher rewards:

Why not buy and sell with 50% of your holdings and hodl the rest. Then u can make even more moniessssssssss
Taking some profits at certain levels
It’s important to understand that trading has the potential to bring more gains than just hodling, but at the cost of a bumpy road. But it also has the potential to bring major losses.
That’s why it should show two flags in the trade box (of image above). One way up and one way below the starting line.
If you want short term gains you can manage it if you are lucky enough to time it right. If not then you can easily lose money.
If you want long term gains, even if you don’t time it right you can eventually make a fair profit despite volatility and price swings.
Do not go all in. Buy slow. You wil eventually see a fat ass 50% dip and pimp it with more cash!
Here’s a sample: Buy 1k every week, if the price dump buy 2k, if dump more bought more.
Most important: When Bitcoin goes up sell slowly. When Bitcoin goes down buy slowly. This makes Bitcoin stronger and you richer. Trying to maximize personal gain will have the markets destroy you. If you seek collective gain, it means you see the value of Bitcoin and deserve to make the gains you’re going to make over time. Buy dips and hold rises which is what causes the market to go up over time for all of us.
Other important note: We are 11 months away from halving. Keep slowly buying, you’ll thank yourself in 2021.
Beware the advice that insisting I should sell at $3500 because it is “going to 0” – get it out of your head.
DCA is for folks with periodic income and limited “play” money, to set aside predictable amount.
DCA is not a good entry strategy if you have a set waddle of cash to buy. Having $ in an exchange isn’t great practice, parked cash just tickles your worst trading impulses and pretty soon, you’re trading based on bogus hourly moves.
If you intend to HODL, just buy in and HODL. Do DCA to accumulate as more play $ becomes available. In 5-10 years, stories from HODL’ers that began accumulating in last 2 yrs or so, will likely sound very similar.
If you’re nervous about entry price, this is probably not play money, or you’re still training your HODL muscles. Just buy what you won’t need in next 3 yrs, or and amount that won’t trigger you to panic sell if the coin drops 30-50% in next 6 months.
Some have noticed that the price falls when it stops growing and it stays around same number for few days. “I was right three times now then I made a mistake when I didn’t sell after it quicky rose very high and then fell deep in minutes. And the assumed, nah, it will stabilise…”
Anothre says “I’ve followed more of a 2-3 “knocks” on support/resistance rule (minimum of a week of chart data). If you look at the yearly chart you’ll see the reverse effect before it broke down from 6k to ~3k (months of lower highs knocking on 6k). Then after that, months at 3k where it kept knocking at 4k with higher lows until it popped. Similar logic happened on a weekly timescale in May at ~8k.
It’s one of the most simple indicators there is with charts, and it’s actually proving the demand level as compared to seeing mythical creatures (aka “barts”) in charts.”
If you’re not a trader at heart then automatic bot trading (Cryptobot) or copy trading (Etoro) would make you feel relax!

Few notes on Margin Trading:

It looks simple but reality is aBumpy road, a general uptrend, get margin called, lose everything. Don’t be that guy. Avoid Margin (leverage) trading as hell.
If you are new and don’t realize the exchanges run bots themselves to liquidate short and long positions, you are going to get rekt! Don’t use margin in this highly manipulated market!
Margin trading is gambling and getting 99% rekted by bots
If you don’t already have a lot of trading experience, stay away from margin. Even with trading experience it’s easy to get rekt. you can be careful and smart and still get burned by stop hunts, random barts, and slow bleed from leverage rates. Bots are relentless.
That being said, you can also make a lot of money. the best way to learn is by doing. find a sandbox exchange (I think bitmex offers trading on a testnet?) or risk a little real “play” money you’re prepared to lose, because you will lose at first.

Some of us bought a car with Bitcoin money in 2014, They could’ve bought 30 of that same car in 2017 for the same amount of bitcoin. Learned my lesson. Hodl a bit.
Hopefully you can say the same in 3 years from now
Yet

Source and ideas: https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/c1opap/bitcoin_price_recovery_for_a_hodler_p/

Keyboard – ASCII and UTF

Info

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It’s a 7-bit character code where every single bit represents a unique character. On this webpage you will find 8 bits, 256 characters, according to ISO 8859-1 and Microsoft® Windows Latin-1 increased characters, which is available in certain programs such as Microsoft Word.

How to keyboard imput using ALT+0000

How to generate each character with keyboard. Alt codes work on computers running any of Microsoft’s Windows operating systems.

Find the Alt Code you need from the alt code tables below.
Make sure that “Number Lock” is switched on. There should be a light on your keyboard indicating this. (If not, press the “Number Lock” key at the top left of the numeric keypad.)
Hold down the “Alt” key to the left of the space bar and key the code on the numeric keypad.
Don’t release the “Alt” key until after you’ve typed the alt code. When you release it you should see the special character you include.

Instructions for entering Alt Codes on a lap topEven if you have a laptop or a keyboard with no numeric keypad – you can still use alt codes.

Look for a “function” or “fn” key normally near the bottom left of the keyboard.
Look for a button with “num lock” written in the same colour which is usually near the top right of the keyboard.
While holding “function” press and relase “num lock“.
Enter alt codes using the method above but to enter the actual numeric alt code use the keys with numbers in the same colour as the function (fn) key. Normally “U” has 4 on it for example.
Switch “num lock” off in the same way as you switched it on to continue using your keyboard normally.

ASCII codes

ASCII control characters (character code 0-31)

The first 32 characters in the ASCII-table are unprintable control codes and are used to control peripherals such as printers.

DEC	OCT	HEX	BIN	Symbol	HTML Number	HTML Name	Description
0	000	00	00000000	NUL			Null char
1	001	01	00000001	SOH			Start of Heading
2	002	02	00000010	STX			Start of Text
3	003	03	00000011	ETX			End of Text
4	004	04	00000100	EOT			End of Transmission
5	005	05	00000101	ENQ			Enquiry
6	006	06	00000110	ACK			Acknowledgment
7	007	07	00000111	BEL			Bell
8	010	08	00001000	BS			Back Space
9	011	09	00001001	HT			Horizontal Tab
10	012	0A	00001010	LF			Line Feed
11	013	0B	00001011	VT			Vertical Tab
12	014	0C	00001100	FF			Form Feed
13	015	0D	00001101	CR			Carriage Return
14	016	0E	00001110	SO			Shift Out / X-On
15	017	0F	00001111	SI			Shift In / X-Off
16	020	10	00010000	DLE			Data Line Escape
17	021	11	00010001	DC1			Device Control 1 (oft. XON)
18	022	12	00010010	DC2			Device Control 2
19	023	13	00010011	DC3			Device Control 3 (oft. XOFF)
20	024	14	00010100	DC4			Device Control 4
21	025	15	00010101	NAK			Negative Acknowledgement
22	026	16	00010110	SYN			Synchronous Idle
23	027	17	00010111	ETB			End of Transmit Block
24	030	18	00011000	CAN			Cancel
25	031	19	00011001	EM			End of Medium
26	032	1A	00011010	SUB			Substitute
27	033	1B	00011011	ESC			Escape
28	034	1C	00011100	FS			File Separator
29	035	1D	00011101	GS			Group Separator
30	036	1E	00011110	RS			Record Separator
31	037	1F	00011111	US			Unit Separator

ASCII printable characters (character code 32-127)

Codes 32-127 are common for all the different variations of the ASCII table, they are called printable characters, represent letters, digits, punctuation marks, and a few miscellaneous symbols. You will find almost every character on your keyboard. Character 127 represents the command DEL.

DEC	OCT	HEX	BIN	Symbol	HTML Number ( or ALT+)	HTML Name	Description
32	040	20	00100000				Space
33	041	21	00100001	!	!		Exclamation mark
34	042	22	00100010	“	"	"	Double quotes (or speech marks)
35	043	23	00100011	#	#		Number
36	044	24	00100100	$	$		Dollar
37	045	25	00100101	%	%		Percentsign
38	046	26	00100110	&	&	&	Ampersand
39	047	27	00100111	‘	'		Single quote
40	050	28	00101000	(	(		Open parenthesis (or open bracket)
41	051	29	00101001	)	)		Close parenthesis (or close bracket)
42	052	2A	00101010	*	*		Asterisk
43	053	2B	00101011	+	+		Plus
44	054	2C	00101100	,	,		Comma
45	055	2D	00101101	–	-		Hyphen
46	056	2E	00101110	.	.		Period, dot or full stop
47	057	2F	00101111	/	/		Slash or divide
48	060	30	00110000	0	0		Zero
49	061	31	00110001	1	1		One
50	062	32	00110010	2	2		Two
51	063	33	00110011	3	3		Three
52	064	34	00110100	4	4		Four
53	065	35	00110101	5	5		Five
54	066	36	00110110	6	6		Six
55	067	37	00110111	7	7		Seven
56	070	38	00111000	8	8		Eight
57	071	39	00111001	9	9		Nine
58	072	3A	00111010	:	:		Colon
59	073	3B	00111011	;	;		Semicolon
60	074	3C	00111100	<	<	<	Less than (or open angled bracket)
61	075	3D	00111101	=	=		Equals
62	076	3E	00111110	>	>	>	Greater than (or close angled bracket)
63	077	3F	00111111	?	?		Question mark
64	100	40	01000000	@	@		At symbol
65	101	41	01000001	A	A		Uppercase A
66	102	42	01000010	B	B		Uppercase B
67	103	43	01000011	C	C		Uppercase C
68	104	44	01000100	D	D		Uppercase D
69	105	45	01000101	E	E		Uppercase E
70	106	46	01000110	F	F		Uppercase F
71	107	47	01000111	G	G		Uppercase G
72	110	48	01001000	H	H		Uppercase H
73	111	49	01001001	I	I		Uppercase I
74	112	4A	01001010	J	J		Uppercase J
75	113	4B	01001011	K	K		Uppercase K
76	114	4C	01001100	L	L		Uppercase L
77	115	4D	01001101	M	M		Uppercase M
78	116	4E	01001110	N	N		Uppercase N
79	117	4F	01001111	O	O		Uppercase O
80	120	50	01010000	P	P		Uppercase P
81	121	51	01010001	Q	Q		Uppercase Q
82	122	52	01010010	R	R		Uppercase R
83	123	53	01010011	S	S		Uppercase S
84	124	54	01010100	T	T		Uppercase T
85	125	55	01010101	U	U		Uppercase U
86	126	56	01010110	V	V		Uppercase V
87	127	57	01010111	W	W		Uppercase W
88	130	58	01011000	X	X		Uppercase X
89	131	59	01011001	Y	Y		Uppercase Y
90	132	5A	01011010	Z	Z		Uppercase Z
91	133	5B	01011011	[	[		Opening bracket
92	134	5C	01011100	\	\		Backslash
93	135	5D	01011101	]	]		Closing bracket
94	136	5E	01011110	^	^		Caret – circumflex
95	137	5F	01011111	_	_		Underscore
96	140	60	01100000	`	`		Grave accent
97	141	61	01100001	a	a		Lowercase a
98	142	62	01100010	b	b		Lowercase b
99	143	63	01100011	c	c		Lowercase c
100	144	64	01100100	d	d		Lowercase d
101	145	65	01100101	e	e		Lowercase e
102	146	66	01100110	f	f		Lowercase f
103	147	67	01100111	g	g		Lowercase g
104	150	68	01101000	h	h		Lowercase h
105	151	69	01101001	i	i		Lowercase i
106	152	6A	01101010	j	j		Lowercase j
107	153	6B	01101011	k	k		Lowercase k
108	154	6C	01101100	l	l		Lowercase l
109	155	6D	01101101	m	m		Lowercase m
110	156	6E	01101110	n	n		Lowercase n
111	157	6F	01101111	o	o		Lowercase o
112	160	70	01110000	p	p		Lowercase p
113	161	71	01110001	q	q		Lowercase q
114	162	72	01110010	r	r		Lowercase r
115	163	73	01110011	s	s		Lowercase s
116	164	74	01110100	t	t		Lowercase t
117	165	75	01110101	u	u		Lowercase u
118	166	76	01110110	v	v		Lowercase v
119	167	77	01110111	w	w		Lowercase w
120	170	78	01111000	x	x		Lowercase x
121	171	79	01111001	y	y		Lowercase y
122	172	7A	01111010	z	z		Lowercase z
123	173	7B	01111011	{	{		Opening brace
124	174	7C	01111100	\|	\|		Vertical bar
125	175	7D	01111101	}	}		Closing brace
126	176	7E	01111110	~	~		Equivalency sign – tilde
127	177	7F	01111111				Delete

The extended ASCII codes (character code 128-255)

There are several different variations of the 8-bit ASCII table. The table below is according to ISO 8859-1, also called ISO Latin-1. Codes 128-159 contain the Microsoft® Windows Latin-1 extended characters.

DEC	OCT	HEX	BIN	Symbol	HTML Number	HTML Name	Description
128	200	80	10000000	€		€	Euro sign
129	201	81	10000001
130	202	82	10000010	‚		&sbquo;	Single low-9 quotation mark
131	203	83	10000011	ƒ		&fnof;	Latin small letter f with hook
132	204	84	10000100	„		&bdquo;	Double low-9 quotation mark
133	205	85	10000101	…		…	Horizontal ellipsis
134	206	86	10000110	†		&dagger;	Dagger
135	207	87	10000111	‡		&Dagger;	Double dagger
136	210	88	10001000	ˆ		&circ;	Modifier letter circumflex accent
137	211	89	10001001	‰		&permil;	Per mille sign
138	212	8A	10001010	Š		&Scaron;	Latin capital letter S with caron
139	213	8B	10001011	‹		&lsaquo;	Single left-pointing angle quotation
140	214	8C	10001100	Œ		&OElig;	Latin capital ligature OE
141	215	8D	10001101
142	216	8E	10001110	Ž			Latin captial letter Z with caron
143	217	8F	10001111
144	220	90	10010000
145	221	91	10010001	‘		‘	Left single quotation mark
146	222	92	10010010	’		’	Right single quotation mark
147	223	93	10010011	“		“	Left double quotation mark
148	224	94	10010100	”		”	Right double quotation mark
149	225	95	10010101	•		•	Bullet
150	226	96	10010110	–		–	En dash
151	227	97	10010111	—		—	Em dash
152	230	98	10011000	˜		&tilde;	Small tilde
153	231	99	10011001	™		™	Trade mark sign
154	232	9A	10011010	š		&scaron;	Latin small letter S with caron
155	233	9B	10011011	›		&rsaquo;	Single right-pointing angle quotation mark
156	234	9C	10011100	œ		&oelig;	Latin small ligature oe
157	235	9D	10011101
158	236	9E	10011110	ž			Latin small letter z with caron
159	237	9F	10011111	Ÿ		&Yuml;	Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis
160	240	A0	10100000				Non-breaking space
161	241	A1	10100001	¡	¡	¡	Inverted exclamation mark
162	242	A2	10100010	¢	¢	¢	Cent sign
163	243	A3	10100011	£	£	£	Pound sign
164	244	A4	10100100	¤	¤	¤	Currency sign
165	245	A5	10100101	¥	¥	¥	Yen sign
166	246	A6	10100110	¦	¦	¦	Pipe, Broken vertical bar
167	247	A7	10100111	§	§	§	Section sign
168	250	A8	10101000	¨	¨	¨	Spacing diaeresis – umlaut
169	251	A9	10101001	©	©	©	Copyright sign
170	252	AA	10101010	ª	ª	ª	Feminine ordinal indicator
171	253	AB	10101011	«	«	«	Left double angle quotes
172	254	AC	10101100	¬	¬	¬	Not sign
173	255	AD	10101101				Soft hyphen
174	256	AE	10101110	®	®	®	Registered trade mark sign
175	257	AF	10101111	¯	¯	¯	Spacing macron – overline
176	260	B0	10110000	°	°	°	Degree sign
177	261	B1	10110001	±	±	±	Plus-or-minus sign
178	262	B2	10110010	²	²	²	Superscript two – squared
179	263	B3	10110011	³	³	³	Superscript three – cubed
180	264	B4	10110100	´	´	´	Acute accent – spacing acute
181	265	B5	10110101	µ	µ	µ	Micro sign
182	266	B6	10110110	¶	¶	¶	Pilcrow sign – paragraph sign
183	267	B7	10110111	·	·	·	Middle dot – Georgian comma
184	270	B8	10111000	¸	¸	¸	Spacing cedilla
185	271	B9	10111001	¹	¹	¹	Superscript one
186	272	BA	10111010	º	º	º	Masculine ordinal indicator
187	273	BB	10111011	»	»	»	Right double angle quotes
188	274	BC	10111100	¼	¼	¼	Fraction one quarter
189	275	BD	10111101	½	½	½	Fraction one half
190	276	BE	10111110	¾	¾	¾	Fraction three quarters
191	277	BF	10111111	¿	¿	¿	Inverted question mark
192	300	C0	11000000	À	À	À	Latin capital letter A with grave
193	301	C1	11000001	Á	Á	Á	Latin capital letter A with acute
194	302	C2	11000010	Â	Â	Â	Latin capital letter A with circumflex
195	303	C3	11000011	Ã	Ã	Ã	Latin capital letter A with tilde
196	304	C4	11000100	Ä	Ä	Ä	Latin capital letter A with diaeresis
197	305	C5	11000101	Å	Å	Å	Latin capital letter A with ring above
198	306	C6	11000110	Æ	Æ	Æ	Latin capital letter AE
199	307	C7	11000111	Ç	Ç	Ç	Latin capital letter C with cedilla
200	310	C8	11001000	È	È	È	Latin capital letter E with grave
201	311	C9	11001001	É	É	É	Latin capital letter E with acute
202	312	CA	11001010	Ê	Ê	Ê	Latin capital letter E with circumflex
203	313	CB	11001011	Ë	Ë	Ë	Latin capital letter E with diaeresis
204	314	CC	11001100	Ì	Ì	Ì	Latin capital letter I with grave
205	315	CD	11001101	Í	Í	Í	Latin capital letter I with acute
206	316	CE	11001110	Î	Î	Î	Latin capital letter I with circumflex
207	317	CF	11001111	Ï	Ï	Ï	Latin capital letter I with diaeresis
208	320	D0	11010000	Ð	Ð	Ð	Latin capital letter ETH
209	321	D1	11010001	Ñ	Ñ	Ñ	Latin capital letter N with tilde
210	322	D2	11010010	Ò	Ò	Ò	Latin capital letter O with grave
211	323	D3	11010011	Ó	Ó	Ó	Latin capital letter O with acute
212	324	D4	11010100	Ô	Ô	Ô	Latin capital letter O with circumflex
213	325	D5	11010101	Õ	Õ	Õ	Latin capital letter O with tilde
214	326	D6	11010110	Ö	Ö	Ö	Latin capital letter O with diaeresis
215	327	D7	11010111	×	×	×	Multiplication sign
216	330	D8	11011000	Ø	Ø	Ø	Latin capital letter O with slash
217	331	D9	11011001	Ù	Ù	Ù	Latin capital letter U with grave
218	332	DA	11011010	Ú	Ú	Ú	Latin capital letter U with acute
219	333	DB	11011011	Û	Û	Û	Latin capital letter U with circumflex
220	334	DC	11011100	Ü	Ü	Ü	Latin capital letter U with diaeresis
221	335	DD	11011101	Ý	Ý	Ý	Latin capital letter Y with acute
222	336	DE	11011110	Þ	Þ	Þ	Latin capital letter THORN
223	337	DF	11011111	ß	ß	ß	Latin small letter sharp s – ess-zed
224	340	E0	11100000	à	à	à	Latin small letter a with grave
225	341	E1	11100001	á	á	á	Latin small letter a with acute
226	342	E2	11100010	â	â	â	Latin small letter a with circumflex
227	343	E3	11100011	ã	ã	ã	Latin small letter a with tilde
228	344	E4	11100100	ä	ä	ä	Latin small letter a with diaeresis
229	345	E5	11100101	å	å	å	Latin small letter a with ring above
230	346	E6	11100110	æ	æ	æ	Latin small letter ae
231	347	E7	11100111	ç	ç	ç	Latin small letter c with cedilla
232	350	E8	11101000	è	è	è	Latin small letter e with grave
233	351	E9	11101001	é	é	é	Latin small letter e with acute
234	352	EA	11101010	ê	ê	ê	Latin small letter e with circumflex
235	353	EB	11101011	ë	ë	ë	Latin small letter e with diaeresis
236	354	EC	11101100	ì	ì	ì	Latin small letter i with grave
237	355	ED	11101101	í	í	í	Latin small letter i with acute
238	356	EE	11101110	î	î	î	Latin small letter i with circumflex
239	357	EF	11101111	ï	ï	ï	Latin small letter i with diaeresis
240	360	F0	11110000	ð	ð	ð	Latin small letter eth
241	361	F1	11110001	ñ	ñ	ñ	Latin small letter n with tilde
242	362	F2	11110010	ò	ò	ò	Latin small letter o with grave
243	363	F3	11110011	ó	ó	ó	Latin small letter o with acute
244	364	F4	11110100	ô	ô	ô	Latin small letter o with circumflex
245	365	F5	11110101	õ	õ	õ	Latin small letter o with tilde
246	366	F6	11110110	ö	ö	ö	Latin small letter o with diaeresis
247	367	F7	11110111	÷	÷	÷	Division sign
248	370	F8	11111000	ø	ø	ø	Latin small letter o with slash
249	371	F9	11111001	ù	ù	ù	Latin small letter u with grave
250	372	FA	11111010	ú	ú	ú	Latin small letter u with acute
251	373	FB	11111011	û	û	û	Latin small letter u with circumflex
252	374	FC	11111100	ü	ü	ü	Latin small letter u with diaeresis
253	375	FD	11111101	ý	ý	ý	Latin small letter y with acute
254	376	FE	11111110	þ	þ	þ	Latin small letter thorn
255	377	FF	11111111	ÿ	ÿ	ÿ	Latin small letter y with diaeresis

Uppercase	Lowercase
Alt Codes	Symbol	Description	Alt Codes	Symbol	Description
Alt 0192	À	A grave	Alt 0224	à	a grave
Alt 0193	Á	A acute	Alt 0225	á	a acute
Alt 0194	Â	A circumflex	Alt 0226	â	a circumflex
Alt 0195	Ã	A tilde	Alt 0227	ã	a tilde
Alt 0196	Ä	A umlaut	Alt 0228	ä	a umlaut
Alt 0199	Ç	C cedilla	Alt 0231	ç	c cedilla
Alt 0200	È	E grave	Alt 0232	è	e grave
Alt 0201	É	E acute	Alt 0233	é	e acute
Alt 0202	Ê	E circumflex	Alt 0234	ê	e circumflex
Alt 0203	Ë	E umlaut	Alt 0235	ë	e umlaut
Alt 0204	Ì	I grave	Alt 0236	ì	i grave
Alt 0205	Í	I acute	Alt 0237	í	i acute
Alt 0206	Î	I circumflex	Alt 0238	î	i circumflex
Alt 0207	Ï	I umlaut	Alt 0239	ï	i umlaut
Alt 165	Ñ	N tilde	Alt 164	ñ	n tilde
Alt 0210	Ò	O grave	Alt 0242	ò	o grave
Alt 0211	Ó	O acute	Alt 0243	ó	o acute
Alt 0212	Ô	O circumflex	Alt 0244	ô	o circumflex
Alt 0213	Õ	O tilde	Alt 0245	õ	o tilde
Alt 0214	Ö	O umlaut	Alt 0246	ö	o umlaut
Alt 0138	Š	S caron	Alt 0154	š	s caron
Alt 0218	Ú	U acute	Alt 0249	ù	u grave
Alt 0219	Û	U circumflex	Alt 0250	ú	u acute
Alt 0220	Ü	U umlaut	Alt 0251	û	u circumflex
Alt 0217	Ù	U grave	Alt 0252	ü	u umlaut
Alt 0221	Ý	Y acute	Alt 0253	ý	y acute
Alt 0159	Ÿ	Y umlaut	Alt 0255	ÿ	y umlaut
Alt 0142	Ž	Z caron	Alt 0158	ž	z caron

ALT Codes for letters with accents

Uppercase			Lowercase
Alt Codes	Symbol	Description	Alt Codes	Symbol	Description
Alt 0192	À	A grave	Alt 0224	à	a grave
Alt 0193	Á	A acute	Alt 0225	á	a acute
Alt 0194	Â	A circumflex	Alt 0226	â	a circumflex
Alt 0195	Ã	A tilde	Alt 0227	ã	a tilde
Alt 0196	Ä	A umlaut	Alt 0228	ä	a umlaut
Alt 0199	Ç	C cedilla	Alt 0231	ç	c cedilla
Alt 0200	È	E grave	Alt 0232	è	e grave
Alt 0201	É	E acute	Alt 0233	é	e acute
Alt 0202	Ê	E circumflex	Alt 0234	ê	e circumflex
Alt 0203	Ë	E umlaut	Alt 0235	ë	e umlaut
Alt 0204	Ì	I grave	Alt 0236	ì	i grave
Alt 0205	Í	I acute	Alt 0237	í	i acute
Alt 0206	Î	I circumflex	Alt 0238	î	i circumflex
Alt 0207	Ï	I umlaut	Alt 0239	ï	i umlaut
Alt 165	Ñ	N tilde	Alt 164	ñ	n tilde
Alt 0210	Ò	O grave	Alt 0242	ò	o grave
Alt 0211	Ó	O acute	Alt 0243	ó	o acute
Alt 0212	Ô	O circumflex	Alt 0244	ô	o circumflex
Alt 0213	Õ	O tilde	Alt 0245	õ	o tilde
Alt 0214	Ö	O umlaut	Alt 0246	ö	o umlaut
Alt 0138	Š	S caron	Alt 0154	š	s caron
Alt 0218	Ú	U acute	Alt 0249	ù	u grave
Alt 0219	Û	U circumflex	Alt 0250	ú	u acute
Alt 0220	Ü	U umlaut	Alt 0251	û	u circumflex
Alt 0217	Ù	U grave	Alt 0252	ü	u umlaut
Alt 0221	Ý	Y acute	Alt 0253	ý	y acute
Alt 0159	Ÿ	Y umlaut	Alt 0255	ÿ	y umlaut
Alt 0142	Ž	Z caron	Alt 0158	ž	z caron

ALT Codes for Currency Symbols

Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 0164	¤	Currency
Alt 156	£	Pound
Alt 0128	€	Euro
Alt 36	$	Dollar Sign
Alt 155	¢	Cent
Alt 157	¥	Yen
Alt 158	₧	Peseta
Alt 159	ƒ	Frank / Gulder

ALT Codes for Mathematical Symbols

Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 0169	©	Copyright
Alt 169	®	Registered symbol
Alt 0153	™	Trademark

ALT Codes for Punctuation

Interrogetary and Exclamatory
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 33	!	Exclamation Mark
Alt 19	‼	Double Exclamation
Alt 173	¡	Inverted exclamation mark
Alt 63	?	Question Mark
Alt 168	¿	inverted question mark
Alt Codes for Parenthesis
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 40	(	Open Bracket
Alt 41	)	Close Bracked
Alt 91	[	Open Square Bracket
Alt 93	]	Close Square Bracket
Alt 123	{	Open curley bracket
Alt 125	}	Close curley bracket
Alt Codes for Editing
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 28	∟	Tab Marker
Alt 21	§	Paragraph
Alt 20	¶	Carriage Return
Alt 0134	†	dagger / obelos
Alt 0135	‡	double dagger / diesis
Reported Speech / Quotation
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 34	“	Quotation Mark
Alt 0139	‹	quotation mark
Alt 0155	›	quotation mark
Alt 0145	‘	curly single open quote
Alt 0146	’	curly single close quote
Alt 0147	“	curly double open quote
Alt 0148	”	curly double close quote
Alt 174	«	Quotation Mark
Alt 175	»	Quotation Mark
Alt 0130	‘	curly single quote
Alt 0132	„	low curly doublequote
Alt Codes for Abbreviation
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 39	‘	Apostraphe
Alt 96	`	Angled Apostraphe
Alt 38	&	Ampersand
Alt 64	@	At Symbol
Alt Codes for General Punctuation
Alt 58	:	Colon
Alt 59	;	Semi-Colon
Alt 44	,	Comma
Alt 46	.	Full Stop / Period
Alt 32		Space
Alt 255		Alternative Space
Alt 0133	…	dot dot dot / ellipsis
Alt 95	_	Underscore
Alt 0175	¯	overscore
Alt 124	\|	Bar
Alt 126	~	Tilda/Squiggle
Alt 0168	¨	diaresis
Alt 45	–	Dash or Hyphen
Alt 0151	—	Longer Dash or Hyphen
Alt 22	▬	Long Hyphon
Alt 42	*	Asterisk
Alt 47	/	Slash
Alt 92	\	Back Slash
1º and 1ª mean 1st in some languages
Alt 166	ª	a superscript
Alt 167	º	o superscript
Archaic Punctuation Alt Codes
Alt 0183	·	interpunct

Alt Codes for entering Bullets and Symbols

Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 1	☺	White Smiley
Alt 2	☻	Black Smiley
Alt 3	♥	Heart
Alt 4	♦	Diamond
Alt 5	♣	Club
Alt 6	♠	Spade
Alt 7	•	Bullet 1
Alt 8	◘	Bullet 2
Alt 9	○	Bullet 3
Alt 10	◙	Bullet 4
Alt 11	♂	Male Sign
Alt 12	♀	Female Sign
Alt 13	♪	Quaver
Alt 14	♫	Joined Quavers
Alt 16	►	Play Forward
Alt 17	◄	Play Reverse
Alt 254	■	Stop
Alt 30	▲
Alt 31	▼
Alt 23	↨
Alt 24	↑	Up Arrow
Alt 25	↓	Down Arrow
Alt 26	→	Right Arrow
Alt 27	←	Left Arrow
Alt 0129		Undefined – Normally generates a box
Alt 15	☼	??
127	⌂	??
Alt 18	↕	??
Alt 29	↔	??

Alt Codes for entering Mathematical Symbols

ALT Codes for Mathematical Symbols
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 48 – 57	0 – 9	zero to nine
Alt Codes for Basic Operators
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 43	+	Plus Sign
Alt 45	–	Minus Sign
Alt 0215	×	Multiplication Sign
Alt 0247	÷	Obelus / Division ign
Alt Codes for Pers
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 37	%	Percentage Sign
Alt 0137	‰	Per mille (per thousand)
Alt Codes for Bracketing
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 40	(	Open Bracket
Alt 41	)	Close Bracked
Alt Codes for Degree of Accuracy
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 241	±	Plus or Minus
Alt Codes for Fractions
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 47	/	Fraction seperator
Alt 0188	¼	Quarter
Alt 0189	½	Half
Alt 0190	¾	Three quarters
Alt 46	.	Decimal Point
Alt Codes for Equality
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 240	≡	Exactly Identical
Alt 61	=	Equals
Alt 247	≈	Approximately equal
Alt Codes for Inequality
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 60	<	Less Than
Alt 62	>	Greater Than
Alt 242	≥	Greater than or equal
Alt 243	≤	Less than or equal
Alt Codes for Powers
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 251	√	Square Root
Alt 252	ⁿ	Power n
Alt 0185	¹	To the power of 1
Alt 0178	²	squared
Alt 0179	³	cubed
Angles and Trigonometric Alt Codes
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 227	π	Pi
Alt 248	°	Degree sign

General Mathematical Symbols
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 35	#	Number
Alt 236	∞	Infinity
Alt 230	µ	Micro
Alt 228	Σ	Sum
Alt 239	∩	??
Integration / Integral Sign
Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 244	⌠	Top half
Alt 245	⌡	Bottom Half

ALT Codes for Programming

Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 0166	¦	Unix Pipeline
Alt 40	(	Open Bracket
Alt 41	)	Close Bracked
Alt 94	^	To the power of
Alt 60	<	Less Than
Alt 62	>	Greater Than
Alt 61	=	Equals
Alt 42	*	Multiply
Alt 47	/	Divide or Slash
Alt 92	\	Back Slash
Alt 35	#	Hash
Alt 40	(	Open Bracket
Alt 41	)	Close Bracked
Alt 64	@	At Symbol
Alt 91	[	Open Square Bracket
Alt 93	]	Close Square Bracket
Alt 123	{	Open curley bracket
Alt 125	}	Close curley bracket
Alt 42	*	Wildcard and Multiply

ALT Codes for “Extra” Letters

Uppercase			Lowercase
Alt Code	Symbol	Description	Alt Code	Symbol	Description
Alt 0229	å	Aa	Alt 0197	Å	aa
Alt 0140	Œ	Oethel	Alt 0156	œ	oethel
Alt 0254	þ	Thorn	Alt 0222	Þ	thorn
Alt 0216	Ø	Slashed O	Alt 0248	ø	Slashed o
Alt 0198	Æ	AE ligature	Alt 0230	æ	ae ligature
Alt 165	Ñ	N tilde	Alt 164	ñ	n tilde
Alt 0223	ß	Eszett
Alt 0208	Ð	Eth	Alt 0240	ð	eth

ALT Codes for Arrow Symbols

Alt Code	Symbol
Filled Arrows
Alt 16	►
Alt 17	◄
Alt 254	■
Alt 30	▲
Alt 31	▼
Line Arrows
Alt 23	↨
Alt 24	↑
Alt 25	↓
Alt 26	→
Alt 27	←

Selected Custom Characters

Cyrillic chars

Words	Desr
А́ а́ Ъ́ ъ́ О́ о́ У́ у́ е́ Е́ И́ и́ Ю́ ю́ Я́ я́	right accent
А̀ а̀ Ъ̀ ъ̀ О̀ о̀ У̀ у̀ Ѐ ѐ Ѝ ѝ ю̀ ю̀ Я̀ я̀	left accent
Й̀ ѝ̀, Й́, ѝ́	complex
Ѝ ѝ Й й

Special Chars

Words	Desr
™	Trade Mark; Alt Code 0153
©	Copyright; Alt Code 169;

Greek chars

The Greek alphabet

Greek name of letter	Symbol	English equivalent	Pronunciation
Alpha	Α	A	A as in smart
Beta	Β	B	V as in very
Gamma	Γ	G	Between Y as in yes and G as in go, but with no hard ‘G’ sound – more of a soft ‘H’ followed by the ‘Y’ sound in yes
Delta	Δ	D	Th as in the
Epsilon	Ε	E	E as in very
Zeta	Ζ	Z	Z as in zoo
Eta	Η	E	Ee as in bee
Theta	Θ	Th	Th as in think
Iota	Ι	I	Ee as in bee or I as in bitter or sit
Kappa	Κ	K	K as in look
Lamda	Λ	L	L as in log
Mu	Μ	M	M as in man
Nu	Ν	N	N as in not
Xi	Ξ	X	X as in box
Omicron	Ο	O	O as in box
Pi	Π	P	P as in top, but softer and close to ‘B’
Rho	Ρ	R, Rh	a rolled R
Sigma	Σ	S	S as in sap with a hint of Sh as in sugar
Tau	Τ	T	T as in lot, but softer and close to ‘D’
Upsilon	Υ	U	Same as eta – Ee as in bee
Phi	Φ	Ph	Ph as in photo
Chi	Χ	Kh	Ch as in the scottish ‘loch’ but softer – not a hard sound
Psi	Ψ	Ps	Ps as in upside
Omega	Ω	M	like omicron – O as in box – or longer ‘O’ sound like the vowel sound in oar

Alpha	Α	α
Beta	Β	β
Gamma	Γ	γ
Delta	Δ	δ
Epsilon	Ε	ε
Zeta	Ζ	ζ
Eta	Η	η
Theta	Θ	θ ϑ
Iota	Ι	ι
Kappa	Κ	κ
Lambda	Λ	λ
Mu	Μ	μ
Nu	Ν	ν
Xi	Ξ	ξ
Omicron	Ο	ο
Pi	Π	π
Rho	Ρ	ρ
Sigma	Σ	σ ς
Tau	Τ	τ
Upsilon	Υ	υ
Phi	Φ	φ
Chi	Χ	χ
Psi	Ψ	ψ
Omega	Ω	ω

Europeand Special Chars

Accents and diacritical marks
Non-standard characters signs that change the sound of letters and words

Many western languages contain words with letters whose sound is determined by these accents and diacritical marks. The effects are different depending on the language; here are the names and examples of the more common marks and non-standard characters. Usage of these accents and marks is not restricted to the letters shown in the examples.

é – accent acute
è – accent grave
ê – circumflex
ë – umlaut or diaerisis
ç – cedilla
ñ – tilde
ø – streg
ð – eth (capital form Ð)
å – bolle
æ – ligature
œ – ligature
ē – macron
č – háček
ŭ – crescent

All in one table below:

¡¿
ÄäÀàÁáÂâÃãÅåǍǎĄąĂăÆæĀā
ÇçĆćĈĉČč
ĎđĐďð
ÈèÉéÊêËëĚěĘęĖėĒē
ĜĝĢģĞğ
Ĥĥ
ÌìÍíÎîÏïıĪīĮį
Ĵĵ
Ķķ
ĹĺĻļŁłĽľ
ÑñŃńŇňŅņ
ÖöÒòÓóÔôÕõŐőØøŒœ
ŔŕŘř
ẞßŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘș
ŤťŢţÞþȚț
ÜüÙùÚúÛûŰűŨũŲųŮůŪū
Ŵŵ
ÝýŸÿŶŷ
ŹźŽžŻż

Info:
Croatian letter – đ and Đ.
Hungarian letters – őŐ and űŰ
Swedish letters – Åå
Polish letters – ŻżĄąĘę
Romainan letters – Ţţ Ăă
Dannish letters – Ææ
Icelandic letters – ð, þ, and Þ
French letters – Œ
Slovakia letters Ľľ and Czeck letters Ůů
Turkish letters – Ğğ and ı
Baltic package – Āā, Ėė, Ēē, Īī, Įį, Ņņ and Ūū
Others – ď, ģ, ì, Ï, ì, Ø and ť
T and S with comma and cedilla
Bulgarian letters – АБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦШЩЪЮЯ
Greek letters –

Links

Online Keyboard (Multilingual) – Greek sample
https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/greek_modern.htm

Online Keyboard (Multilingual) – Bulgarian sample:
https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/bulgarian.htm

Linux Commands

History

How to clear the terminal command history

Clearing typed commands from terminal history: By default, up to the last 500 command lines a user types in the terminal window are saved into a hidden .bash_history file. The previously typed commands can be readily accessed by using the up and down arrow keys. This makes it easy to retrieve and reuse your recently used commands. However, maybe you want to clear the terminal command history list and start fresh? This simple tutorial explains the process of viewing and then optionally clearing the terminal history. Viewing the complete terminal command history: To view the complete history of commands typed in the terminal “for the logged in user”, open the terminal and type history How to clear the terminal command line history:

Login with the user account whose terminal history you plan to clear
Open a terminal window and type
history -c
Repeat the process if necessary for each user account

How to delete a single command from history on a Linux

I‘m working in Ubuntu bash terminal application and remotely on a RHEL server in cloud platform. I typed the wrong and dangerous command. I no longer wish to remember dangerous command in the history file. How can I remove or delete a single command from bash history file? You can use the history command to clear all history or selected command line.

How do I view history with line number?

Simply type the history command:

$ history

Sample outputs:

How to delete a single command number 1013 from history

The syntax is:

## Delete the bash history entry at offset OFFSET ##history -d offset history -d number history -d 1013

Verify it:

$ history

How do I delete all the history?

The syntax is:
history -c

Tip: Control bash history like a pro

First, you can increase your bash history size by appending the following config option in ~/.bashrc file:

Save and close the file.

Where to find more information about history command?

You can read bash man page by typing the following command:
$ man bash
Or simply type the following command:
$ help history

FIND

Find command examples

Let us try out some examples.

Finding files and printing their full name

You wish to find out all *.c (all c source code) files located under /home directory, enter: $ find /home -name “*.c” You would like to find httpd.conf file location: $ find / -name httpd.conf

Finding all files owned by a user

Find out all files owned by user USER: # find / -user USER Find out all *.sh owned by user USER: # find / -user USER -name “*.sh”

Finding files according to date and time

Files not accessed in a time period – It is useful to find out files that have or have not been accessed within a specified number of days. Following command prints all files not accessed in the last 7 days: # find /home -atime +7

-atime +7: All files that were last accessed more than 7 days ago
-atime 7: All files that were last accessed exactly 7 days ago
-atime -7: All files that were last accessed less than7 days ago

Finding files modified within a specified time – Display list of all files in /home directory that were not last modified less than then days ago. # find /home -mtime -7

Finding newer (more recently) modified files

Use -newer option to find out if file was modified more recently than given file. # find /etc/apache-perl -newer /etc/apache-perl/httpd.conf

Finding the most recent version of file

It is common practice before modifying the file is copied to somewhere in system. For example whenever I modify web server httpd.conf file I first make backup. Now I don’t remember whether I had modified the /backup.conf/httpd.conf or /etc/apache-perl/httpd.conf. You can use the find command as follows (tip you can also use ls -l command): find / -name httpd.conf -newer /etc/apache-perl/httpd.conf

Locate command

The locate command is often the simplest and quickest way to find the locations of files and directories on Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. For example, the following command uses the star wildcard to display all files on the system that have the .c filename extension: # locate “*.c”

Rename

Linux Rename File Command

I‘m a new Linux user. How do I rename a file called resumezzz.pdf to resume.pdf using Linux bash command prompt? You need to use the mv command. It is used to rename and move files and directories. The general syntax is as follows:

mv old-file-name new-file-name mv [options] old-file-name new-file-name mv file1 file2

In this example, the following command would rename a file called resumezzz.pdf to resume.pdf. Open a command-line terminal (select Applications > Accessories > Terminal), and then type:

mv resumezzz.pdf resume.pdf

If resumezzz.pdf is located in /home/user/docs/files directory, type:

cd /home/user/docs/files mv resumezzz.pdf resume.pdf

mv /home/user/docs/files/resumezzz.pdf /home/user/docs/files/resume.pdf

Use the ls command to view files:

ls -l file1 ls -l file1 file2 ls -l /home/user/docs/files/*.pdf ls -l *.pdf =============== NAMING

Linux rename a file syntax

In short, to rename a file:

mv file1 file2

You can get verbose output i.e. mv command can explain what is being done using the following syntax:

mv -v file1 file2

Sample outputs: `file1′ -> `file2′ ======== REMOVE

EXECUTABLE: There are a couple ways. If you just want to do this temporarily, you can remove the execute bit from the file:

$ chmod -x /etc/init.d/varnish

Then re-add it when appropriate:

$ chmod +x /etc/init.d/varnish

The “official” way in Ubuntu (as well as in Debian and other Debian derivatives), though, is to use the update-rc.d command:

$ update-rc.d varnish disable

Search and Find

SEARCH AND FIND files in locations

find / -xdev -name vip_monitor,sh 953 find / -xdev -name vip_monitor.sh 954 mv /root/vip_monitor.sh /root/vip_monitor.sh_

USE OF SH FILE AND EXTENSIONS

Run .bin file in Linux / UNIX

Change the permission of the file you downloaded to be executable. Type the following command: $ chmod +x file.bin Start the installation process or run .bin file. Type the following command: ./file.bin For example if .bin file name is application.bin. Type the following commands: $ chmod +x application.bin $ ./application.bin Another example for Java Linux self extracting binary file: $ chmod +x jre-1_5_0-linux-i586.bin $ ./jre-1_5_0-linux-i586.bin

OR $ sh jre-1_5_0-linux-i586.bin

Correct way to disable init-scripts to start at boottime on Debian

In several articles and forums I see people telling the way of removing the init-script on a Debian system would be: update-rc.d -f init-script-name remove The more appropriate way is to disable the init-script from running at boottime: update-rc.d init-script-name stop levels In this way you prevent that in case you upgrade the package a new init-script will be created with the defaults. If the init-script is written with the defaults the init-script might start the process again at boot-up. If you disabled the init-script from running at boottime the init-script would not be recreated or overwritten with the init-script in the update.

Bash Commands

Bash Shortcuts

Bash Variables

IO Redire­ction

Pipes

Command Lists

Directory Operations

ls Options

Search Files

File Operations

Watch a Command

Process Management

Nano Shortcuts

Screen Shortcuts

File Permis­sions

File Permission Numbers

Anchors

Character Classes

POSIX

Assertions

Groups and Ranges

Pattern Modifiers

String Replac­ement

Hidden chars or shortcuts

Quanti­fiers

Escape Sequences

Common Metach­ara­cters

Special Characters

Case Conversion

PCRE regex quick reference

Search – Notebooks

Search – Tags

Search – To Do

Search – Source

Search – Resource

Search – General

Search – Other

Search – Dates

EN – Mac Global Shortcuts

EN – PC Global Shortcuts

EN – Limits

Intro

To Start vi

To Exit vi

Moving the Cursor

Screen Manipulation

Adding, Changing, and Deleting Text

Inserting or Adding Text

Changing Text

Deleting Text

Cutting and Pasting Text

Searching Text

Determining Line Numbers

Saving and Reading Files

VI CHEATSHEET

Quitting

Inserting Text

Motion

Deleting Text

Changing text

Putting text

Markers

Search for strings

Replace

Modes

HODL

FUD

FOMO

BTFD

ATH

Moon

Whale

PUMP

DUMP

Dumping

Pump and Dump

REKT

Shill

Bag Holder

ASHDRAKED

IO Redirection

File Permissions

String Replacement

Quantifiers

Common Metacharacters

To Start `vi`

To Exit `vi`