Bash Commands
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uname -a
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Show system and kernel
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head -n1 /etc/issue
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Show distribution
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mount
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Show mounted filesystems
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date
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Show system date
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uptime
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Show uptime
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whoami
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Show your username
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man command
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Show manual for command
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Bash Shortcuts
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CTRL-c
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Stop current command
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CTRL-z
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Sleep program
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CTRL-a
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Go to start of line
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CTRL-e
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Go to end of line
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CTRL-u
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Cut from start of line
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CTRL-k
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Cut to end of line
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CTRL-r
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Search history
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!!
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Repeat last command
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!abc
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Run last command starting with abc
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!abc:p
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Print last command starting with abc
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!$
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Last argument of previous command
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ALT-.
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Last argument of previous command
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!*
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All arguments of previous command
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^abc^123
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Run previous command, replacing abc with 123
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Bash Variables
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env
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Show environment variables
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echo $NAME
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Output value of $NAME variable
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export NAME=value
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Set $NAME to value
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$PATH
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Executable search path
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$HOME
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Home directory
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$SHELL
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Current shell
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IO Redirection
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cmd < file
Input of cmd from file
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cmd1 <(cmd2)
Output of cmd2 as file input to cmd1
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cmd > file
Standard output (stdout) of cmd to file
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cmd > /dev/null
Discard stdout of cmd
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cmd >> file
Append stdout to file
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cmd 2> file
Error output (stderr) of cmd to file
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cmd 1>&2
stdout to same place as stderr
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cmd 2>&1
stderr to same place as stdout
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cmd &> file
Every output of cmd to file
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Pipes
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cmd1 | cmd2
stdout of cmd1 to cmd2
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cmd1 |& cmd2
stderr of cmd1 to cmd2
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Command Lists
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cmd1 ; cmd2
Run cmd1 then cmd2
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cmd1 && cmd2
Run cmd2 if cmd1 is successful
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cmd1 || cmd2
Run cmd2 if cmd1 is not successful
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cmd &
Run cmd in a subshell
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Directory Operations
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pwd
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Show current directory
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mkdir dir
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Make directory dir
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cd dir
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Change directory to dir
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cd ..
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Go up a directory
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ls
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List files
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ls Options
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-a
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Show all (including hidden)
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-R
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Recursive list
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-r
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Reverse order
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-t
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Sort by last modified
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-S
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Sort by file size
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-l
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Long listing format
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-1
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One file per line
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-m
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Comma-separated output
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-Q
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Quoted output
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Search Files
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grep pattern files
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Search for pattern in files
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grep -i
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Case insensitive search
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grep -r
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Recursive search
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grep -v
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Inverted search
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grep -o
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Show matched part of file only
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find /dir/ -name name*
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Find files starting with name in dir
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find /dir/ -user name
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Find files owned by name in dir
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find /dir/ -mmin num
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Find files modifed less than num minutes ago in dir
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whereis command
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Find binary / source / manual for command
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locate file
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Find file (quick search of system index)
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File Operations
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touch file1
Create file1
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cat file1 file2
Concatenate files and output
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less file1
View and paginate file1
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file file1
Get type of file1
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cp file1 file2
Copy file1 to file2
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Move file1 to file2
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rm file1
Delete file1
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head file1
Show first 10 lines of file1
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Show last 10 lines of file1
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tail -F file1
Output last lines of file1 as it changes
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Watch a Command
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watch -n 5 ‘ntpq -p’
Issue the ‘ntpq -p’ command every 5 seconds and display output
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Process Management
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ps
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Show snapshot of processes
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top
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Show real time processes
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kill pid
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Kill process with id pid
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pkill name
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Kill process with name name
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killall name
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Kill all processes with names beginning name
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Nano Shortcuts
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Files
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Ctrl-R
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Read file
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Ctrl-O
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Save file
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Ctrl-X
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Close file
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Cut and Paste
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ALT-A
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Start marking text
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CTRL-K
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Cut marked text or line
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CTRL-U
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Paste text
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Navigate File
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ALT-/
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End of file
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CTRL-A
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Beginning of line
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CTRL-E
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End of line
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CTRL-C
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Show line number
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CTRL-_
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Go to line number
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Search File
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CTRL-W
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Find
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ALT-W
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Find next
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CTRL-\
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Search and replace
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More nano info at:
http://www.nano-editor.org/docs.php
Screen Shortcuts
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screen
Start a screen session.
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screen -r
Resume a screen session.
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screen -list
Show your current screen sessions.
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CTRL-A
Activate commands for screen.
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CTRL-A c
Create a new instance of terminal.
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CTRL-A n
Go to the next instance of terminal.
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CTRL-A p
Go to the previous instance of terminal.
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CTRL-A “
Show current instances of terminals.
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CTRL-A A
Rename the current instance.
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More screen info at:
http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/
File Permissions
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chmod 775 file
Change mode of file to 775
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chmod -R 600 folder
Recursively chmod folder to 600
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chown user:group file
Change file owner to user and group to group
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File Permission Numbers
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First digit is owner permission, second is group and third is everyone.
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Calculate permission digits by adding numbers below.
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4
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read (r)
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2
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write (w)
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1
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execute (x)
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