Category: Cheatsheet

OpenSSL

Intro

One of the most popular commands in SSL to create, convert, manage the SSL Certificates is OpenSSL. There are many cases nowadays where OpenSSL have to be used in various ways. Below are the most common commnads used for managing Certficates, ciphers, encryption, et all. OpenSSL includes tonnes of features covering a broad range of use cases, and it’s difficult to remember its syntax for all of them and quite easy to get lost. Helppages are not so helpful here, so often we just Google “openssl how to [use case here]” or look for openssl cheatsheet to recall the usage of a command and see examples.
For indept review and usercases of OpenSSL see http://fvck.in/ssl-basics/

Some of the abbreviations related to certificates.

  • SSL – Secure Socket Layer
  • CSR – Certificate Signing Request
  • TLS – Transport Layer Security
  • PEM – Privacy Enhanced Mail
  • DER – Distinguished Encoding Rules
  • SHA – Secure Hash Algorithm
  • PKCS – Public-Key Cryptography Standards

Create new Private Key and Certificate Signing Request

openssl req -out domain.csr -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout domain.key

Above command will generate CSR and 2048-bit RSA key file. If you intend to use this certificate in Apache or Nginx, then you need to send this CSR file to certificate issuer authority, and they will give you signed certificate mostly in der or pem format which you need to configure in Apache or Nginx web server.

Create a Self-Signed Certificate (default is 30 days)

openssl req -x509 -sha256 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout domain_selfsigned.key -out domain_cert.pem

Above command will generate a self-signed certificate and key file with 2048-bit RSA. I have also included sha256 as it’s considered most secure at the moment.

Create a Self-Signed Certificate (custom, 2 years)

Tip: by default, it will generate self-signed certificate valid for only one month so you may consider defining –days parameter to extend the validity.

openssl req -x509 -sha256 -nodes -days 750 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout  domain_selfsigned.key  -out domain_cert.pem

Verify CSR file

openssl req -noout -text -in domain.csr

Verification is essential to ensure you are sending CSR to issuer authority with required details.

Create RSA Private Key

openssl genrsa -out private.key 2048

If you just need to generate RSA private key, you can use the above command. I have included 2048 for stronger encryption.

Remove Passphrase from Key

openssl rsa -in certkey.key -out nopassphrase.key

If you are using passphrase in key file and using Apache then every time you start, you have to enter the password. If you are annoyed with entering a password, then you can use above openssl rsa -in domain.key -check to remove the passphrase key from an existing key.

Verify Private Key

openssl rsa -in certkey.key –check

If you doubt on your key file, you can use the above command to check.

Verify Certificate File

openssl x509 -in certfile.pem -text –noout

If you would like to validate certificate data like CN, OU, etc. then you can use an above command which will give you certificate details.

Verify the Certificate Signer Authority

openssl x509 -in certfile.pem -noout -issuer -issuer_hash

Certificate issuer authority signs every certificate and in case you need to check them.

Check Hash Value of A Certificate

openssl x509 -noout -hash -in domain.pem

Convert DER to PEM format

openssl x509 –inform der –in sslcert.der –out sslcert.pem

Usually, certificate authority will give you SSL cert in .der format, and if you need to use them in apache or .pem format then the above command will help you.

Convert PEM to DER format

openssl x509 –outform der –in sslcert.pem –out sslcert.der

In case you need to change .pem format to .der

Convert Certificate and Private Key to PKCS#12 format

openssl pkcs12 –export –out sslcert.pfx –inkey key.pem –in sslcert.pem

If you need to use a cert with the java application or with any other who accept only PKCS#12 format, you can use the above command, which will generate single pfx containing certificate & key file. You can also include chain certificate by passing –chain as below. 

openssl pkcs12 –export –out sslcert.pfx –inkey key.pem –in sslcert.pem -chain cacert.pem

Create CSR using an existing private key

openssl req –out certificate.csr –key existing.key –new

If you don’t want to create a new private key instead using an existing one, you can go with the above command.

Check contents of PKCS12 format cert

openssl pkcs12 –info –nodes –in cert.p12

PKCS12 is binary format so you won’t be able to view the content in notepad or another editor. The above command will help you to see the contents of PKCS12 file.

Convert PKCS12 format to PEM certificate

openssl pkcs12 –in cert.p12 –out cert.pem

If you wish to use existing pkcs12 format with Apache or just in pem format, this will be useful.

Test SSL certificate of particular URL

openssl s_client -connect domain.com:443 –showcerts

I use this quite often to validate the SSL certificate of particular URL from the server. This is very handy to validate the protocol, cipher, and cert details.

Find out OpenSSL version

openssl version

If you are responsible for ensuring OpenSSL is secure then probably one of the first things you got to do is to verify the version.

18Check PEM File Certificate Expiration Date

openssl x509 -noout -in certificate.pem -dates

Useful if you are planning to put some monitoring to check the validity. It will show you date in notBefore and notAfter syntax. notAfter is one you will have to verify to confirm if a certificate is expired or still valid.

Example

[root@Chandan opt]# openssl x509 -noout -in bestflare.pem -dates
notBefore=Jul 4 14:02:45 2015 GMT
notAfter=Aug 4 09:46:42 2015 GMT

Check Certificate Expiration Date of SSL URL

openssl s_client -connect domain.com:443 2>/dev/null | openssl x509 -noout –enddate

Another useful if you are planning to monitor SSL cert expiration date remotely or particular URL.

Example:

[root@Chandan opt]# openssl s_client -connect google.com:443 2>/dev/null | openssl x509 -noout -enddate

notAfter=Dec 8 00:00:00 2020 GMT

Check if SSL V2 or V3 is accepted on URL

To check SSL V2

openssl s_client -connect domain.com:443 -ssl2

To Check SSL V3

openssl s_client -connect domain.com:443 –ssl3

To Check TLS 1.0

openssl s_client -connect domain.com:443 –tls1

To Check TLS 1.1

openssl s_client -connect domain.com:443 –tls1_1

To Check TLS 1.2

openssl s_client -connect domain.com:443 –tls1_2

If you are securing web server and need to validate if SSL V2/V3 is enabled or not, you can use the above command. If activated, you will get “CONNECTED” else “handshake failure.” For all risks associated with SSL vulnerabilities please visit http://fvck.in/vulerabilities/

Verify if the particular cipher is accepted on URL

openssl s_client -cipher 'ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA' -connect domiain.com:443

If you are working on security findings and pen test results show some of the weak ciphers is accepted then to validate, you can use the above command.

Of course, you will have to change the cipher and URL, which you want to test against. If the mentioned cipher is accepted, then you will get “CONNECTED” else “handshake failure.”

Telnet

Intro


Telnet is a computer protocol that was built for interacting with remote computers.
The word “Telnet” also refers to the command-line utility “telnet”, available under Windows OS and Unix-like systems, including Mac, Linux, and others. We will use the term “Telnet” mostly in the context of the telnet client software.
Telnet utility allows users to test connectivity to remote machines and issue commands through the use of a keyboard. Though most users opt to work with graphical interfaces, Telnet is one of the simplest ways to check connectivity on certain ports.

Enable telnet client in Windows

Telnet is disabled by default in Window’s settings, so you need to turn it on before you can do anything. Turning it on will help you to run the required diagnostics and check if a port is open. If you try to use telnet without turning it on first, you’ll receive a message like: 

 ‘telnet’ is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or C:\>

Enabling telnet client through Command Prompt:
Install-WindowsFeature -name Telnet-Client

Enabling telnet client via GUI Win10:
Open Windows Start menu > Type “Control Panel” > Press Enter > “Programs” > “Programs and Features” > Turn Windows features on or off > Select “Telnet Client” > Press “OK”

Enabling telnet client via GUI WS2012+:
Open “Server Manager” > “Add roles and features” > click “Next” until reaching the “Features” step > tick “Telnet Client” > click “Install” > when the feature installation finishes, click “Close”.

Telnet Commands List

Type thisTo do this
open or oEstablish a Telnet connection with a host computer or remote server. You can use the full command, open, or abbreviate it to just o. For example,  o domain.com 25 will connect your computer to a computer named  domain.com port 25.
displayView the current settings for Telnet Client.
Type display for a list of the current operating parameters. If you are in a Telnet session (connected to a Telnet server), to modify the parameters, press Ctrl+] to leave the Telnet session. To return to the Telnet session, press Enter. The following operating parameters are available:
WILL AUTH (NTLM Authentication)
WONT AUTH
WILL TERM TYPE
WONT TERM TYPE
LOCALECHO off
LOCALECHO on
quit or qExit from Telnet.
set Set the terminal type for the connection, turn on local echo, set authentication to NTLM, set the escape character, and set up logging.
>SET NTLM turns on NTLM. While you are using NTLM authentication, if you’re connecting from a remote computer, you will not be prompted to type a logon name and password.
> SET LOCALECHO turns on local echoing.
> SET TERM {ANSI|VT100|VT52|VTNT} sets the terminal type to the appropriate terminal type.
You should use the VT100 terminal type if you are running normal command-line applications. Use the VTNT terminal type if you are running advanced command-line applications, such as .
> ESCAPE + Character sets the key sequence to use for switching from session to command mode. For example, to set Ctrl+P as your escape character, typeset escape, press Ctrl+P, and then press Enter.
> LOGFILE FileName sets the file to be used for logging Telnet activity. The log file must be on your local computer. Logging begins automatically when you set this option.
> LOGGING turns on logging. If no log file is set, an error message is displayed.
unsetTurn off local echo or set authentication for the logon or password prompt.

UNSET NLM turns off NLM.
UNSET LOCALECHO turns off local echoing.
statusMove to the Telnet command prompt from a connected session
enterGo to the connected session (if it exists)
?/helpView Help information

Parameter List

ParameterDescription
/aattempt automatic logon. Same as /l option except uses the currently logged on user s name.
/e <EscapeChar>Escape character used to enter the telnet client prompt.
/f <FileName>File name used for client side logging.
/l <UserName>Specifies the user name to log on with on the remote computer.
/t {vt100 | vt52 | ansi | vtnt}Specifies the terminal type. Supported terminal types are vt100, vt52, ansi, and vtnt.
<Host> [<Port>]Specifies the hostname or IP address of the remote computer to connect to, and optionally the TCP port to use (default is TCP port 23).
/?Displays help at the command prompt. Alternatively, you can type /h.

Check the listen port

You can use this command for check the connection of a application. 

telnet IPADDRESS PORT

telnet 192.168.0.10 80       <- http
telnet 192.168.0.10 25       <- smtp
telnet 192.168.0.10 25

Check Connection and Close Connection

# telnet localhost 25
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.localdomain (127.0.0.1).
Escape character is '^]'.
220 office-serv ESMTP Sendmail 8.13 ; Mon, 28 Mar 2019 08:00:00 +0900
^]                                 <- Ctrl ]
telnet> quit
Connection closed.

Telnet to Web Server (port 8o or 443

# telnet localhost 80
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.domain.com (127.0.0.1).
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.0                       <-  Enter 2 times (http://localhost/index.html)

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 29 Jul 2009 15:16:50 GMT
Server: Apache/1.3.37 (Unix) mod_fastcgi/2.4.6 mod_auth_passthrough/1.8 mod_log_bytes/1.2 mod_bwlimited/1.4 PHP/4.4.7 abbr.
Last-Modified: Mon, 05 Feb 2007 11:04:57 GMT
ETag: "1b200-b2c-45c70f59"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 2860
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html

<html>
<html>
<title>TEST</title>

abbr.

</body>
</html>
Connection closed by foreign host.
#

Telnet to Mail Server

# telnet localhost 25
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to test-server.test-server (127.0.0.1).
Escape character is '^]'.
220 test-server.example-sec.local ESMTP
helo localhost
250 test-server.example-sec.local
mail from:user01@example-sec.jp
250 ok
rcpt to:user02@example-sec.jp
250 ok
502 unimplemented (#5.5.1)
data
354 go ahead
From: user01@example-sec.jp
To: user02@example-sec.jp
Subject: test
this is test.

.
250 ok 1184072108 qp 20747

502 unimplemented (#5.5.1)
quit
221 test-server.example-sec.local
Connection closed by foreign host.

  C:\>telnet hostname 25
 220 TEST.local Microsoft ESMTP MAIL Service, Version: 7.5. ready at  Thu, 01 Jul 2018 11:11:11 -0500
 helo test
 250 ESXi-DEV-WEB01.local Hello [127.0.0.1]
 mail from:none@none.com
 250 2.1.0 none@none.com….Sender OK
 rcpt to:youremail@domain.com
 250 2.1.5 youremail@domain.com
 data
 354 Start mail input; end with .
 subject:This is a test email
 This is the body of the test email sent via Telnet.
 .
 250 2.6.0  Queued mail for delivery
 quit
 221 2.0.0 TEST.local Service closing transmission channel
 Connection to host lost.

Nano command editor

Nano is a text editor suited to working in a UNIX-based command line enviro­nment. It is not as powerful as PC window­-based editors, as it does not rely on the mouse, but still has many useful features.
Most nano commands are invoked by holding down the Ctrl key (that is, the control key), and pressing one of the other keys. In this text, the control key is referred to using ^. For example, ^X means “hold down the CTRL key and press the x key”. Most of the important commands are listed at the bottom of your screen when nano is running.

File Control in nano

nano index.php Open or create the file “index.php” with nano on command line.
Ctrl-o Y Enter Save changes.
Ctrl-r Alt-f Open a new file with a new buffer within nano.
Alt-> Switch to the next file buffer in nano.
Alt-< Switch to the previous file buffer in nano.
Ctrl-x Quit nano.

Navigating through file contents in nano

Ctrl-a Move to the beginning of the current line.
Ctrl-e Move to the end of the current line.
Ctrl-v Move down one page.
Ctrl-y Move up one page.
Alt-\ Go to the beginning of the file.
Alt-/ Go to the end of the file.
Alt-g Go to a target line number.
Alt-] Jump to matching open/close symbol.
Alt-a Alt-} Select a block and indent the block.
Alt-a Alt-{ Select a block and outden the block.

Copy and Paste in nano

Alt-a To select a block for copy or cut operation, do Alt-a again to unselect.
Alt-a Alt-^ Copy a highlighted block to the clipboard.
Alt-a Ctrl-k Cut a highlighted block to the clipboard.
Ctrl-k Cut from the current cursor position to the end of the current line.
Ctrl-u Paste the contents from the clipboard at the current cursor position.

Search and Replace in nano

Ctrl-w Search for a target string.
Alt-w Repeat the last search.
Alt-r Search and replace.

File Management
Key Action
Ctrl+G Display help text
Ctrl+X Close the current file buffer / Exit from nano
Ctrl+O Write the current file to disk
Ctrl+R Insert another file into the current one
Alt+> Switch to the next file buffer
Alt+< Switch to the previous file buffer
Search and Replace
Key Action
Ctrl+W Search for a string or a regular expression
Ctrl+\ Replace a string or a regular expression
Alt+W Repeat the last search
Navigation
Key Action
Ctrl+_ Go to line and column number
Ctrl+Y Go one screenful up
Ctrl+V Go one screenful down
Alt+\ Go to the first line of the file
Alt+/ Go to the last line of the file
Ctrl+B Go back one character
Ctrl+F Go forward one character
Alt+Space Go back one word
Ctrl+Space Go forward one word
Ctrl+A Go to beginning of current line
Ctrl+E Go to end of current line
Ctrl+P Go to previous line
Ctrl+N Go to next line
Alt+( Go to beginning of paragraph; then of previous paragraph
Alt+) Go just beyond end of paragraph; then of next paragraph
Alt+- Scroll up one line without scrolling the cursor
Alt++ Scroll down one line without scrolling the cursor
Alt+< Switch to the previous file buffer
Alt+> Switch to the next file buffer
Ctrl+C Display the position of the cursor
Alt+] Go to the matching bracket
Editing
Key Action
Alt+U Undo the last operation
Alt+E Redo the last undone operation
Alt+} Indent the current line
Alt+{ Unindent the current line
Alt+^ Copy the current line and store it in the cutbuffer
Ctrl+K Cut the current line and store it in the cutbuffer
Ctrl+U Uncut from the cutbuffer into the current line
Ctrl+J Justify the current paragraph
Ctrl+T Invoke the spell checker, if available
Alt+V Insert the next keystroke verbatim
Ctrl+I Insert a tab at the cursor position
Ctrl+M Insert a newline at the cursor position
Ctrl+D Delete the character under the cursor
Ctrl+H Delete the character to the left of the cursor
Alt+T Cut from the cursor position to the end of the file
Alt+J Justify the entire file
Alt+D Count the number of words, lines, and characters
Ctrl+^ Mark text starting from the cursor position
Settings
Key Action
Alt+X Help mode enable­/di­sable
Alt+C Constant cursor position display enable­/di­sable
Alt+O Use of one more line for editing enable­/di­sable
Alt+S Smooth scrolling enable­/di­sable
Alt+$ Soft wrapping of overlong lines enable­/di­sable
Alt+P Whitespace display enable­/di­sable
Alt+Y Color syntax highli­ghting enable­/di­sable
Alt+H Smart home key enable­/di­sable
Alt+I Auto indent enable­/di­sable
Alt+K Cut to end enable­/di­sable
Alt+L Hard wrapping of overlong lines enable­/di­sable
Alt+Q Conversion of typed tabs to spaces enable­/di­sable
Alt+B Backup files enable­/di­sable
Alt+F Reading file into separate buffer enable­/di­sable

Email Bounces

Email Bounces

Emails bounces – when an email can’t be delivered for one reason or another – almost like throwing a ball to a someone, only to hit a wall and the ball bounces back at you.

There are two different types of bounces when it comes to email marketing: –

  • A Soft Bounce – temporary error
  • A Hard Bounce – permanent error

A Soft bounce happens when the person who your are emailing has simply run out of space in their mailbox, the address exists but it simply can’t fit in another email until they clean it up. If this continues, then the system will change to a Hard Bounce as it begins to affect your sending reputation if these emails keep getting bounced back.

Hard Bounce means that there was a fundamental issue delivering your email which one of the following categories: –

Bounce Category: bad-domain

Explanation: The message bounced due to an invalid or non-existing domain, 5.X.X error.

Resolution: Check the spelling and format of the domain, and edit the contact’s details with the corrected domain. Once the contact has been updated, their bounce status will be reset and you can send to them again.

Bounce Category: bad-mailbox

Explanation: The message bounced due to a bad, invalid, or non-existent recipient address, 5.X.X error.

Resolution: Check the spelling and format of the contact’s email address, and edit with the corrected information. Once the contact has been updated, their bounce status will be reset and you can send to them again.

Bounce Category: inactive-mailbox

Explanation: The message bounced due to an expired, inactive, or disabled recipient address, 5.X.X error.

Resolution: Confirm with the contact if their email address is still active. Check the spelling and format of the contact’s email address, and edit with the corrected information. Once the contact has been updated, their bounce status will be reset and you can send to them again.

Bounce Category: message-expired

Explanation: The message bounced due to not being delivered before the two day window in which the system continues to attempt delivery, 4.X.X error.

Resolution: Confirm with the contact if their email address is still valid, and edit the contact’s email address with any updated information. If the email address has not changed, ask the contact to whitelist. Once that has been done, reset the contact’s delivery status and you will be able to send to them again.

Bounce Category: no-answer-from-host

Explanation: The message bounced due to receiving no response from the recipient’s server after connecting, 4.X.X or 5.X.X error.

Resolution: The recipient’s mail server is offline or has an issue in its configuration. Ask the recipient to investigate if there is an issue with their mail server. Once that has been done, reset the contact’s delivery status and you will be able to send to them again.

Bounce Category: other messages

Explanation: The message bounced due to other reasons, 4.X.X or 5.X.X error.

Resolution: The system did not receive any detailed message back from the recipient’s mail server. Ask the contact to whitelist. Once that has been done, reset the contact’s delivery status and you will be able to send to them again.

Bounce Category: policy-related

Explanation: The message bounced due to a policy reason on a recipient address or domain, 5.X.X error.

Resolution: This is usually due to a message being classified as spam by a recipient’s mail server or due to some type of limit restriction in place on the recipient’s side. Ask the contact to whitelist. Once that has been done, reset the contact’s delivery status and you will be able to send to them again.

Bounce Category: quota-issues

Explanation: The message bounced due to the recipient’s mailbox being over its limit, 4.X.X or 5.X.X error.

Resolution: Confirm with the contact if they are able to receive email. Once that issue has been resolved on their side, reset the contact’s delivery status and you will be able to send to them again.

Bounce Category: routing-errors

Explanation: The message bounced due to mail routing issues for a recipient domain, 5.X.X error.

Resolution: This is usually due to an invalid configuration in the DNS records on the recipient’s mail server. Ask the recipient to investigate if there is an issue with their mail server. Once that has been done, reset the contact’s delivery status and you will be able to send to them again.

Bounce Category: spam-related

Explanation: The message bounced due to spam related reasons, 5.X.X error.

Resolution: This is usually due to a message being classified as spam by a recipient’s mail server. Ask the contact to whitelist. Once that has been done, reset the contact’s delivery status and you will be able to send to them again.

Error overview

Error CodeError Message Recommended actions
 bad-configurationMessages were rejected due to problems in the remote server configuration. This is a problem on the recipient’s server that has an error in the settings and is not allowing new messages. You will need to contact the subscriber by phone to talk to the system administrator to try to solve the problem. When the administrator notify that the issue has been solved, you should contact the Mailrelay technical staff.
bad-connection Messages were rejected due to connection problems with the remote server. It is not possible to connect with the recipient’s  domain correctly due to some failure in the connection route. In this case, the problem may not be occurring directly on the recipient’s server, but on some intermediate server that is receiving and forwarding the message. You sould contact the administrator of the recipient’s server to explain the problem, but also with the internet service provider, so they can analyze and try to locate the problem that is causing this error.
bad-domainMessages bounced because the domain is invalid or nonexistent. If the recipient’s domain does not exist, you can receive this error. You need to confirm that the account is valid. You also will need to contact the subscriber by phone to talk to the system administrator to try to solve the problem. When the administrator notify that the issue has been solved, you should contact the Mailrelay technical staff to validate the email again.
bad-mailboxMessages rejected because the recipient’s address is incorrect, is invalid or nonexistent. The email account was not found on the recipient’s server.You will need to contact the subscriber by phone to talk to the system administrator to try to solve the problem. When the administrator notify that the issue has been solved, you should contact the Mailrelay technical staff to validate the email again.
content-relatedMessages bounced due to its content (Possible spam, sender is blacklisted, etc)You will need to contact the administrator of the recipient’s server for information about the problem and determine possible solutions. And, you should contact our Customer Service Department to see what could be done to solve this issue.
inactive-mailboxMessages rejected because the accounts expired, are inactive or have been disabled.You will need to confirm that the account is correct and contact the subscriber by phone to talk to the system administrator to try to solve the problem. When the administrator notify that the issue has been solved, you should contact the Mailrelay technical staff.
message-expiredThe message was sent before the maximum time allowed, after previous attempts have failed.You can try to send the message again when there is less saturation in the sending queue.
no-answer-from-hostMessages bounced because the system could not receive any  response from the remote server after connecting. This could be a problem on the remote server configuration.You will need to contact the administrator of the server to ask for more information on how to solve the problem.
otherWere rejected due to other reasonsYou will need to contact the administrator of the server to ask for more information on how to solve the problem.
policy-relatedMessages bounced or blocked due to problems with the policy of the recipient’s server.You will also need to contact the administrator of the server to ask for more information on how to solve the problem. And, you should contact our Customer Service Department to see what could be done to solve this issue.
protocol-errors The message is being rejected due to syntax errors in the SMTP protocol. Mailrelay always uses correct syntax and commands, but there may be an interpretation problem on the recipient’s server.You will need to contact the system administrator to try to solve the problem.
quota-issuesMessages rejected or blocked due to quota issues. The server rejects the message because the account has exceeded the limit of messages.You will need to contact the subscriber by phone to talk to the system administrator to try to solve the problem. When the administrator notify that the issue has been solved, you should contact the Mailrelay technical staff to validate the email again.
relaying-issuesMessages rejected or blocked due to problems when trying to deliver the emails on the remote server. These errors may occur due to various reasons of internal administrative policies of the recipient’s server, for example, some servers will not accept any email with your domain that does not come from your own IP.You will need to contact the system administrator to try to solve the problem.
routing-errorsMessages due to routing problems in the recipient’s domain. That is, the sender server cannot deliver the email correctly due to a failure in an intermediate server.You sould contact the administrator of the recipient’s server to explain the problem, but also with the internet service provider, so they can analyze and try to locate the problem that is causing this error.
spam-relatedMessages blocked or rejected due to reasons related to SPAM. There is a problem with the configurations of the sender domain, the contents of the email or spam complaints and the spam filter is blocking the email.You will need to contact the administrator of the recipient’s server for information about the problem and determine possible solutions.
virus-relatedMessages blocked or rejected due to reasons related to infected emails. This can be a serious issue. When you attach a file containing a virus or that  potentially could contain a threat, for example, Word or Excel, your emails will probably be blocked.The best solution in these cases is to scan the attached files using a good antivirus and if the problem occurs because the server rejects the message, marking it as potentially dangerous, you can compress the file using a software like Winzip, Winrar, and upload it to a server. After that, just add a link were your subscribers can download it.

Generic Error codes

Invalid or expired email address

421      Service not available, closing transmission channel
450      Requested mail action not taken: mailbox unavailable (e.g., mailbox busy)
451      Requested action aborted: error in processing
550      User’s mailbox was unavailable (such as not found)
551      The recipient is not local to the server.
553      The command was aborted because the mailbox name is invalid.
5.0.0    Address does not exist
5.1.1    Bad destination mailbox address
5.1.2    Bad destination system address
5.1.3    Bad destination mailbox address syntax
5.1.4    Destination mailbox address ambiguous
5.1.5    Destination mailbox address valid
5.1.6    Mailbox has moved
5.1.7    Bad sender’s mailbox address syntax
5.1.8    Bad sender’s system address
5.2.0    Other or undefined mailbox status
5.2.1    Mailbox disabled, not accepting messages
5.1.0    Other address status
5.3.0    Other or undefined mail system status
5.4.1    No answer from host
5.4.2    Bad connection
5.4.0    Other or undefined network or routing status
5.4.3    Routing server failure
5.4.4    Unable to route
5.4.7    Delivery time expired
5.5.0    Other or undefined protocol status


Mailbox full

5.2.2    Mailbox full
5.3.1    Mail system full


Message rejected

5.2.3    Message length exceeds administrative limit.
5.2.4    Mailing list expansion problem
5.3.4    Message too big for system
5.5.3    Too many recipients
5.7.0    Other or undefined security status
5.7.1    Delivery not authorized, message refused
5.7.2    Mailing list expansion prohibited
5.7.7    Message integrity failure

Miscellaneous issues in the remote mail server

452      Requested action not taken: insufficient system storage
500      The server could not recognize the command due to a syntax error.
501      A syntax error was encountered in command arguments.
502      This command is not implemented.
503      The server has encountered a bad sequence of commands.
504      A command parameter is not implemented.
552      The action was aborted due to exceeded storage allocation.
554      The transaction failed for some unstated reason.
5.3.2    System not accepting network messages
5.3.3    System not capable of selected features
5.4.5    Network congestion
5.4.6    Routing loop detected
5.5.1    Invalid command
5.5.2    Syntax error
5.5.4    Invalid command arguments
5.5.5    Wrong protocol version
5.6.0    Other or undefined media error
5.6.1    Media not supported
5.6.2    Conversion required and prohibited
5.6.3    Conversion required but not supported
5.6.4    Conversion with loss performed
5.6.5    Conversion failed
5.7.3    Security conversion required but not possible
5.7.4    Security features not supported
5.7.5    Cryptographic failure
5.7.6    Cryptographic algorithm not supported

Yahoo SMTP codes

SMTP ErrorDiagnostic Error MessageReason
 421421 Message temporarily deferred – [numeric code]The message content contained objectionable content, we’re seeing unusual traffic from your servers, or emails from your mail server are generating complaints from Yahoo Mail users.
 421421 4.7.0 [TS01] Messages from x.x.x.x temporarily deferred due to user complaints – 4.16.55We’re seeing unusual traffic patterns from your server. Submit your sending IPs for review.
 421421 4.7.0 [TS02] Messages from x.x.x.x temporarily deferred due to user complaints – 4.16.55We’re seeing unusual traffic patterns from your server or your mailings are generating complaints from Yahoo Mail users. Submit your sending IPs for review.
 421421 4.7.1 [TS03] Messages from x.x.x.x permanently deferred. Retrying will NOT succeedWe’re seeing a high volume of e-mails from your server that are indicative of unsolicited mailings. Submit your sending IPs for review.
 451451 Resources temporarily not available – Please try again later [numeric code]This error indicates that our servers were busy and temporarily unable to process your transaction at the time of connection.
 451451 VS1-IP Excessive unknown recipients – possible Open Relay (#4.1.8)Your mail server is configured as an open relay or proxy. Review our guidelines for avoiding deprioritization.
 451451 VS1-MF Excessive unknown recipients – possible Open Relay (#4.4.5)The senders MAIL FROM address has been sending to excessive bouncing accounts (non-active, don’t exist). Review your mailing lists, and remove any addresses that generate bounces.
 553553 5.7.1 [BLXX] Connections not accepted from IP addresses on Spamhaus PBLThe sending IP is listed on a Spamhaus blacklist. You can check your status on Spamhaus’ site.
 554554 Message not allowed – [numeric code]Your emails have become deprioritized due to the message content triggering our filters. We ask that you review the email’s header and message content for potentially objectionable content. 
 554Delivery error: dd This user doesn’t have a yahoo.com account (******@yahoo.com) [-5] – mta1126.mail.gq1.yahoo.com [BODY]The Yahoo account that you’re trying to send to doesn’t exist. We recommend that you contact the recipient directly to confirm their correct email address.
 554554 5.7.9 Message not accepted for policy reasonsYour message wasn’t delivered because Yahoo was unable to verify that it came from a legitimate email sender.

Outlook Error codes

SMTP Error CodeExplanation
421 RP-001The mail server IP connecting to Outlook.com server has exceeded the rate limit allowed. Reason for rate limitation is related to IP/domain reputation. If you are not an email/network admin please contact your Email/Internet Service Provider for help.
421 RP-002The mail server IP connecting to Outlook.com server has exceeded the rate limit allowed on this connection. Reason for rate limitation is related to IP/domain reputation. If you are not an email/network admin please contact your Email/Internet Service Provider for help.
421 RP-003The mail server IP connecting to Outlook.com server has exceeded the connection limit allowed. Reason for limitation is related to IP/domain reputation. If you are not an email/network admin please contact your Email/Internet Service Provider for help.
550 SC-001Emails rejected by Outlook.com for policy reasons. Reasons for rejection may be related to content with spam-like characteristics or IP/domain reputation. If you are not an email/network admin please contact your Email/Internet Service Provider for help.
550 SC-002Emails rejected by Outlook.com for policy reasons. The email server IP connecting to Outlook.com has exhibited namespace mining behaviour. If you are not an email/network admin please contact your Email/Internet Service Provider for help.
550 SC-003Emails rejected by Outlook.com for policy reasons. Your IP address appears to be an open proxy/relay. If you are not an email/network admin please contact your Email/Internet Service Provider for help.
550 SC-004Emails rejected by Outlook.com for policy reasons. A block has been placed against your IP address because we have received complaints concerning emails coming from that IP address. We recommend enrolling in our Junk Email Reporting Programme (JMRP), a free programme intended to help senders remove unwanted recipients from their email list. If you are not an email/network admin please contact your Email/Internet Service Provider for help.
550 DY-001Emails rejected by Outlook.com for policy reasons. We generally do not accept emails from dynamic IPs as they are not typically used to deliver unauthenticated SMTP email to an Internet mail server. If you are not an email/network admin please contact your Email/Internet Service Provider for help. http://www.spamhaus.org maintains lists of dynamic and residential IP addresses.
550 DY-002Emails rejected by Outlook.com for policy reasons. The likely cause is a compromised or virus-infected server/personal computer. If you are not an email/network admin please contact your Email/Internet Service Provider for help.
550 OU-001Emails rejected by Outlook.com for policy reasons. If you are not an email/network admin please contact your Email/Internet Service Provider for help. For more information about this block and to request removal please go to: http://www.spamhaus.org.
550 OU-002Emails rejected by Outlook.com for policy reasons. Reasons for rejection may be related to content with spam-like characteristics or IP/domain reputation. If you are not an email/network admin please contact your Email/Internet Service Provider for help.

NOTE: If you are having problems with email delivery to Cox, and you were unable to resolve your problem using the steps in the Error Codes section above, send us an email at unblock.request@cox.net for assistance. Your email must contain all of the following information in order for us to process your request.

COX Email error codes

Error CodeDescriptionResolution
CXBLThe sending IP address has been blocked by Cox due to exhibiting spam-like behavior.Send an email request to Cox to ask for a sending IP address be unblocked.

Note: Cox has sole discretion whether to unblock the sending IP address.
CXTHRTEmail sending limited due to suspicious account activity. To secure your account, please reset your password at cox.com/password. It may take up to 2 hours to confirm security and remove sending limits.Reset your password at www.cox.com/password or by logging into your Cox.com account and going through the My Profile page. It can take up to 2 hours for the new password to be effective and the email sending limits to be taken off.
CXMJEmail sending blocked due to suspicious account activity on primary Cox account. To secure your account, please reset all Cox account passwords at cox.com/password. Contact Cox at cox.com/chat to remove block and reference error code AUP#CXMJ.Reset your password at www.cox.com/password or visit www.cox.com to sign in to your primary Cox account and go to the My Profile page. Then, contact Cox at www.cox.com/chat to remove the block referenced by error code AUP#CXMJ.
CXDNSThere was an issue with the connecting IP address Domain Name System (DNS). The Reverse DNS (rDNS) lookup for your IP address is failing. Confirm the IP address that sends your email. Check the rDNS of that IP address. If it passes, then wait 24 hours and try resending your email.
CXSNDRThere was a problem with the sender’s domain.Your email failed authentication checks against your sending domain’s SPF, DomainKeys, or DKIM policy.
CXSMTPThere was a violation of SMTP protocol.Your email wasn’t delivered because Cox was unable to verify that it came from a legitimate email sender.
CXCNCTThere was a connection issue from the IP address.There is a limit to the number of concurrent SMTP connections per IP address to protect the systems against attack. Ensure that the sending email server is not opening more than 10 concurrent connections to avoid reaching this limit.
CXMXRTThe sender has sent email to too many recipients and needs to wait before sending more email.The email sender has exceeded the maximum number of sent email allowed.
CDRBLThe sending IP address has been temporarily blocked by Cox due to exhibiting spam-like behavior.The block duration varies depending on reputation and other factors, but will not exceed 24 hours. Inspect email traffic for potential spam, and retry email delivery.
IPBL0001The sending IP address is listed in the Spamhaus Zen DNSBL.Refer to Spamhaus for more information and removal instructions. Spamhaus has sole discretion whether to remove the sending IP address from the DNSBL.
IPBL0010The sending IP is listed in the Return Path DNSBL.Refer to Return Path for more information and removal instructions. Return Path has sole discretion whether to remove the sending IP address from the DNSBL.
IPBL0100The sending IP is listed in the Invaluement ivmSIP DNSBL.Refer to ivmSIP for more information and removal instructions. ivmSIP has sole discretion whether to remove the sending IP address from the DNSBL.
IPBL0011The sending IP is in the Spamhaus Zen and Return Path DNSBLs.Refer to the instructions above for error codes IPBL0001 and IPBL0010.
IPBL0101The sending IP is in the Spamhaus Zen and Invaluement ivmSIP DNSBLs.Refer to the instructions above for error codes IPBL0001 and IPBL0100.
IPBL0110The sending IP is in the Return Path and Invaluement ivmSIP DNSBLs.Refer to the instructions above for error codes IPBL0010 and IPBL0100.
IPBL0111The sending IP is in the Spamhaus Zen, Return Path and Invaluement ivmSIP DNSBLs.Refer to the instructions above for error codes IPBL0001, IPBL0010, and IPBL0100.
IPBL1000Cloudmark CSI Suspect / CSI GlobalThe sending IP address is listed on a CSI blacklist. You can check your status on the CSI website.
IPBL1001The sending IP is listed in the Cloudmark CSI and Spamhaus Zen DNSBLs.Refer to the instructions above for error codes IPBL1000 and IPBL0001.
IPBL1010The sending IP is listed in the Cloudmark CSI and Return Path DNSBLs.Refer to the instructions above for error codes IPBL1000 and IPBL0010.
IPBL1011The sending IP is in the Cloudmark CSI, Spamhaus Zen and Return Path DNSBLs.Refer to the instructions above for error codes IPBL1000, IPBL0001, and IPBL0010.
IPBL1100The sending IP is listed in the Cloudmark CSI and Invaluement ivmSIP DNSBLs.Refer to the instructions above for error codes IPBL1000 and IPBL0100.
IPBL1101The sending IP is in the Cloudmark CSI, Spamhaus Zen and Invaluement IVMsip DNSBLs.Refer to the instructions above for error codes IPBL1000, IPBL0001, and IPBL0100.
IPBL1110The sending IP is in the Cloudmark CSI, Return Path and Invaluement ivmSIP DNSBLs.Refer to the instructions above for error codes IPBL1000, IPL0010, and IPBL0100.
IPBL1111The sending IP is in the Cloudmark CSI, Spamhaus Zen, Return Path and Invaluement ivmSIP DNSBLs.Refer to the instructions above for error codes IPBL1000, IPBL0001, IPBL0010, and IPBL0100.
IPBL00001Spamhaus ZENThe sending IP address is listed on a Spamhaus blacklist. Check your status at Spamhaus.
URLBL011A URL within the body of the message was found on blocklists SURBL and Spamhaus DBL. Refer to SURBL for more information and removal instructions. Refer to Spamhaus for DBL information and removal instructions
URLBL101A URL within the body of the message was found on blocklists SURBL and ivmURI. Refer to SURBL for more information and removal instructions. Refer to ivmURI for more information and removal instructions
URLBL110A URL within the body of the message was found on blocklists Spamhaus DBL and ivmURI. Refer to ivmURI for more information and removal instructions. Refer to Spamhaus for DBL information and removal instructions
URLBL1001Spamhaus DBLThe URL is listed on a Spamhaus blacklist. Check your status at Spamhaus.
421 – [ESMTP server temporarily not available]Our systems are experiencing an issue which is causing a temporary inability to accept new email.Retry your mailings at a later time.
421 – [too many sessions from <source IP>]The sending IP address has exceeded the five maximum concurrent connection limit.Configure your sending server to establish no more than five concurrent connections.
554 – [ESMTP no data before greeting]The sending server has attempted to communicate too soon within the SMTP transaction.Ensure that your sending server is RFC 5321-compliant, and is following the proper SMTP protocol standards.
554 – [<source IP> rejected – no rDNS]Cox requires that all connecting email servers contain valid reverse DNS PTR records.Ensure that your sending email servers have a valid reverse DNS entry.
554 – [cox too many bad commands from <source IP>]An email client has repeatedly sent bad commands or invalid passwords resulting in a three-hour block of the client’s IP address.Check the password used by your email client and consider using an alternate email client if your password is correct.
421 – [<source IP> DNS check failure – try again later]The reverse DNS check of the sending server IP address has failed.Ensure that your DNS configuration is correct and that the PTR record is resolvable.
452 – [<mailfrom address> requested action aborted: try again later]The SMTP connection has exceeded the 100 email message threshold and was disconnected.Establish a new connection and continue sending.
550 – [<mailfrom address> sender rejected]Cox requires that all sender domains resolve to a valid MX or A-record within DNS.Ensure that your domain has a valid MX or A-record within DNS.
550 – [<recipient email> recipient rejected]The intended recipient is not a valid Cox Email account.Ensure that your mailing list is up-to-date with verified recipient email addresses.
552 – [$(_id) attachment extension is forbidden]The message has been rejected because it contains an attachment with one of the following prohibited file types, which commonly contain viruses: .shb, .shs, .vbe, .vbs, .wsc, .wsf, .wsh, .pif, .msc, .msi, .msp, .reg, .sct, .bat, .chm, .isp, .cpl, .js, .jse, .scr, .exe.Ensure that your mailings do not contain attachments with these file types.
452 – [<source IP> rejected. Too many invalid recipients]The sending IP address has exceeded the threshold of invalid recipients and has been blocked.Ensure that your mailing list is up-to-date with verified recipient email addresses, and try again at a later time.
452 – [Message threshold exceeded]Cox enforces various rate limits to protect our platform. The sending IP address has exceeded one of these rate limits and has been temporarily blocked.Slow down the rate at which you attempt to send email.

COMCAST error codes

Error Code Returned For more information
421 – [Too many sessions opened] Comcast allows 25 simultaneous connections per sending IP address. This error results when that limit is exceeded.
421 – [Reverse DNS failure : Try again later] Comcast requires all sending IP addresses have a valid rDNS. This error results when the lookup failed. This error should be treated as a temp-fail and can be retried.
SERVFAIL response. 99.9% means that the DNS somewhere up the auth tree is misconfigured or down or very badly overloaded.
421 – [Try again later] This error results for several reasons. This error should be treated as a temp-fail and can be retried.
452 – [Too many emails sent on this session] Comcast allows 1000 emails per session. This error results when that limit is exceeded.
452 – [Too many recipients for message] Comcast allows 100 recipients per message. This error results when that limit is exceeded.
550 – [Not our customer] This error results when a message is sent to a non-existent Comcast customer. These errors should be treated as an “unsubscribe” by the sender, if a bulk mailer.
550 – [Your message could not be delivered due to too many invalid recipients] This error results when a message is sent to too many invalid recipients. As a result none of the recipients received the message. Please check your distribution list and resend.
550 – [Invalid sender domain] Comcast requires that all sending domains have a valid A or MX record. This error results when neither record can be found.
550 – [Account not available] This error results when a message is sent to a Comcast account that is currently not available.
552 – [Message size exceeded] Comcast allows messages of 15MB or smaller. This error results when that limit is exceeded.
554 – [PTR lookup failure] Comcast requires all sending mail server IP addresses have a valid PTR record set up. This error results when the lookup failed.

NXDOMAIN response. One of the authoritative servers for the relevant section of the in-addr.arpa DNS tree is saying that there is no PTR record for the given IP address.

AOL – YAHOO SMTP Error Codes

An SMTP error, or Delivery Status Notification (DSN), indicates that an email could not be delivered, either due to a temporary or permanent problem. You can review our list of SMTP error messages below for details about each error.

What are 4xx (421 and 451) temporary errors?

  • A 421 or 451 SMTP error indicates a temporary problem blocking the delivery of your message. Message delivery can be delayed for multiple reasons including :
    • We’ve observed unusual traffic patterns from your sending server’s IP address.
    • The message you attempted to send included characteristics of spam.
    • Emails from your mail server have been generating complaints from Verizon Media users.
    • The Verizon Media mail servers are busy when attempting a connection.
    • Other suspicious behavior which leads Verizon Media to enforce a dynamic deprioritization for your sender’s server.
  • Review our Sender Best Practices to learn how you can help your emails reach Verizon Media.
  • If you’re not the administrator of the mail server in question, we suggest you contact the administrator directly to discuss the error message you’re receiving.
  • If you encounter 4XX errors when trying to send an email to Verizon Media, you may retry sending at a later time.

What are 5xx (553 and 554) permanent errors?

  • A 553 or 554 SMTP error indicates an email could not be delivered due to a permanent problem. Message delivery can be permanently deferred because :
    • Spamhaus has your domain or IP address listed on a Block List.
    • You’re trying to send a message to an invalid email address.
    • Your message failed authentication checks against your sending domain’s DMARC or DKIM policy.
    • The message contains characteristics that Verizon Media won’t accept for policy reasons.
    • Other suspicious behavior which leads Verizon Media to issue a permanent rejection for your SMTP connection.
  • If you consistently receive 5xx errors when sending to Verizon Media, we encourage you to review our Sender Best Practices, since 5xx errors can be a symptom of a more widespread, general problem.
  • You should not retry sending an email that comes back with with a 5xx error. List managers should have a policy for removing email addresses that generate 5xx errors/bounces.

Excessive user complaints

  • These errors indicate emails from your mail server are generating an excessive amount of complaints from Verizon Media users. We suggest you consider the following :
    • Monitor your sender reputation – Even if you have a good reputation, users can vote your email as spam and affect your overall reputation.
    • If you’re an administrator of message content and mailing policy and you’ve deployed significant changes or you’ve received this error for more than 48 hours, we ask that you review your outgoing messages for objectionable content or practices.
    • Using a shared IP address – Mail traffic from other domains could be negatively affecting your IP sending reputation. If applicable, contact your host provider to request using dedicated IP addresses to send your mail to resolve this problem.
  • We recommend you review our Sender Best Practices to ensure you’re following proper opt-in methods of user subscriptions.

Excessive unsolicited messages

  • Excessively high volume of emails from a single IP address is a characteristic of unsolicited, bulk emailing. Don’t resend the email until you review our Sender Best Practices and make any necessary changes.
  • You may have setup the IP you are using to send email very recently and did not increase the email traffic slowly.
  • Check your subscription practices and lists to ensure that messages are sent only to users who’ve requested it.
  • If you’re an administrator for message content or mailing policy and you’ve made significant changes, or you’ve received this error for more than 48 hours, we ask that you review your outgoing emails for objectionable content or practices.

Excessive unknown recipients

  • Your mail server is sending to a large number of invalid recipients and may be configured as an “open relay” or “open proxy”.
  • Open proxies and open relays are a very common source of spam and Verizon Media doesn’t accept email from them.
  • We encourage you to follow our Sender Best Practices and make appropriate changes to secure your servers.
  • Review your mailing lists and remove any addresses that generate bounces.
  • Examine your outbound queues for potentially objectionable content to ensure that spammers aren’t abusing your mail server.

Authentication failures

  • Your email failed one or more authentication checks that Verizon Media uses to verify emails are truly sent from the domains they claim to originate from.
  • Verizon Media rejects emails for failing DKIM authentication when all of following conditions apply :
    • The signing domain publishes a policy which states that all emails from the domain must be signed and authenticated with DKIM to prevent forgery.
    • The signing domain is identified in the “d=” tag of the DKIM signature.
    • The rejected email couldn’t be authenticated against the sending domain’s policy, for example, due to a missing or bad signature.
  • If you’re not the system administrator for the mail servers affected, we encourage you to contact the administrator, so they can look into the situation further.
  • For mailing lists, also known as “listservs,” you should change your sending behavior by adding the mailing lists’ address to the “From:” line, rather than the sender’s address. Also, enter the actual user/sender address into the “Reply-To:” line.
  • It’s a good idea to review our guide to Sender Best Practices and make appropriate changes.

Content based blocks

  • These error messages indicates that your email wasn’t accepted because there is something in the content that Verizon Media won’t accept for policy reasons.
  • Objectionable content that Verizon Media deems unacceptable includes :
    • Viruses
    • Phishing attempts
    • Ransomeware
    • Other malicious software
    • Links or URLs to any of the above
  • Examine your outbound queues for potentially objectionable content to ensure that spammers aren’t abusing your mail server.
  • Follow our Sender Best Practices and make appropriate changes to secure your servers.

Recipient does not exist

  • The Verizon Media account that you’re trying to send to does not exist. We recommend that you contact the recipient directly to confirm their correct email address.
  • You should not retry delivery of the message. It will never complete successfully.
  • You should remove the email address from your mailing list.

Message temporarily deferred

  • This is a temporary error and your mail server may automatically re-try sending the email at a later time. Your message may have been deferred due to one or more of the following :
    • Emails from your mail server are generating substantial complaints from Verizon Media users.
    • The message contained objectionable content or exhibited characteristics indicative of spam.
    • The IP (x.x.x.x or its subnet, i.e., .255 ) has a poor reputation.
    • We are seeing unusual traffic patterns from your mail servers.
  • We ask that you follow our Sender Best Practices and review your outgoing messages for potentially objectionable content.
  • If your mail server does not primarily send bulk mailings (e.g., you run a personal, corporate, educational, or ISP mail server), examine your outbound queues to ensure that spammers aren’t abusing your mail server.
  • If you’re seeing the same error consistently over an extended period of time, we encourage you to submit a Sender Support Request with specific details of the error and diagnostic codes you see in your logs.

Resources temporarily unavailable

  • This error indicates that the Verizon Media mail servers were busy and temporarily unable to process your transaction at the time of connection.
  • Such issues are generally brief, and normal connectivity is usually restored after a short period of time.

Sample Email Failed Delivery message

  • When you get mail from a “MAILER-DAEMON” or a “Mail Delivery Subsystem” with a subject similar to “Failed Delivery,” this means that a message you sent was undeliverable and has been bounced back to you.
  • These messages are produced automatically and usually include a reason for the delivery failure.
  • Failed or “bounced” messages normally consist of two parts:
    • The reason for the bounce
    • Your original message
  • Failure notice example:

Define if SOFT or HARD bounces

Bounce codeBounce typeDescription
5.0.0HardAddress does not exist
5.1.0HardOther address status
5.1.1HardBad destination mailbox address
5.1.2HardBad destination system address
5.1.3HardBad destination mailbox address syntax
5.1.4HardDestination mailbox address ambiguous
5.1.5HardDestination mailbox address valid
5.1.6HardMailbox has moved
5.1.7HardBad sender\’s mailbox address syntax
5.1.8HardBad sender’s system address
5.2.0SoftOther or undefined mailbox status
5.2.1SoftMailbox disabled, not accepting messages
5.2.2SoftMailbox full
5.2.3HardMessage length exceeds administrative limit.
5.2.4HardMailing list expansion problem
5.3.0HardOther or undefined mail system status
5.3.1SoftMail system full
5.3.2HardSystem not accepting network messages
5.3.3HardSystem not capable of selected features
5.3.4HardMessage too big for system
5.4.0HardOther or undefined network or routing status
5.4.1HardNo answer from host
5.4.2HardBad connection
5.4.3HardRouting server failure
5.4.4HardUnable to route
5.4.5SoftNetwork congestion
5.4.6HardRouting loop detected
5.4.7HardDelivery time expired
5.5.0HardOther or undefined protocol status
5.5.1HardInvalid command
5.5.2HardSyntax error
5.5.3SoftToo many recipients
5.5.4HardInvalid command arguments
5.5.5HardWrong protocol version
5.6.0HardOther or undefined media error
5.6.1HardMedia not supported
5.6.2HardConversion required and prohibited
5.6.3HardConversion required but not supported
5.6.4HardConversion with loss performed
5.6.5HardConversion failed
5.7.0HardOther or undefined security status
5.7.1HardDelivery not authorized, message refused
5.7.2HardMailing list expansion prohibited
5.7.3HardSecurity conversion required but not possible
5.7.4HardSecurity features not supported
5.7.5HardCryptographic failure
5.7.6HardCryptographic algorithm not supported
5.7.7HardMessage integrity failure
9.1.1HardHard bounce with no bounce code found. It could be an invalid email or rejected email from your mail server (such as from a sending limit).

Traditional SMTP status codes

The table below is not a definitive list of all available status codes, only a representation of the most frequent ones.

Status Code Group
Group Name
Description
1xx
Informational
Request received, continuing process
2xx
Success
The action was successfully received, understood, and accepted
3xx
Redirection
Further action must be taken in order to complete the request
4xx
Client Error
The request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled
5xx
Server Error
The server failed to fulfil an apparently valid request
Code
Description
421
 domain service not available, closing transmission channel
450
Requested mail action not taken: mailbox unavailable (e.g., mailbox busy)
451
Requested action aborted: error in processing
452
Requested action not taken: insufficient system storage
500
The server could not recognize the command due to a syntax error
501
A syntax error was encountered in command arguments
502
This command is not implemented
503
The server has encountered a bad sequence of commands
504
A command parameter is not implemented
550
User’s mailbox was unavailable (“not found”)
551
The recipient is not local to the server
552
The action was aborted due to exceeded storage allocation
553
The command was aborted because the mailbox name is invalid
554
The transaction failed for some unstated reason

Exchange NDR Code List

Listed NDR (Nondeliverable returns) emails and codes. Overlapping with the codes above.

Status codeDescription
4.2.2The recipient has exceeded their mailbox limit
4.3.1Insufficient system resources
4.3.2System not accepting network messages
4.4.1Connection timed out
4.4.2Connection dropped
4.4.6Too many hops
4.4.7Message expired
4.4.9DNS Problem – check your connector
4.6.5Multi-language situation
5.0.0HELO / EHLO requires domain address
5.1.xExchange NDR problems with email address
5.1.0Sender denied / Message categorizer failures
5.1.1Bad destination mailbox address
5.1.2Invalid X.400 address
5.1.3Invalid recipient address
5.1.4Destination mailbox address ambiguous
5.1.7Invalid address
5.1.8Something the matter with sender’s address
5.2.xNDR caused by the size of the email
5.2.1Mailbox cannot be accessed
5.2.2Mailbox full
5.2.3Message too large
5.2.4Mailing list expansion problem
5.3.0Problem with MTA / Store driver
5.3.1Mail system full
5.3.2System not accepting network messages
5.3.3Unrecognized command
5.3.4Message too big for system
5.3.5System incorrectly configured
5.4.0DNS Problem. Check the Smart host and DNS
5.4.1No answer from host
5.4.2Bad connection
5.4.3Routing server failure. No available route
5.4.4Invalid arguments
5.4.6Routing loop detected
5.4.7Delivery time-out. Message is taking too long to be delivered
5.4.8Microsoft advise, check your recipient policy
5.5.0Underlying SMTP 500 error
5.5.1Invalid command
5.5.2Send hello first
5.5.3Too many recipients
5.5.4Invalid domain name
5.5.5Wrong protocol version
5.5.6Invalid message content
5.6.0Corrupt message content. Try sending without attachment
5.6.1Media not supported
5.6.3More than 250 attachments
5.7.1Delivery not authorized
5.7.1Unable to relay
5.7.1Client was not authenticated
5.7.2Distribution list cannot expand and so is unable to deliver its messages
5.7.3Not Authorized
5.7.4Extra security features not supported. Check delivery server settings
5.7.5Cryptographic failure
5.7.6Certificate problem, encryption level may be to high
5.7.7Message integrity problem

AWS PostgreSQL RDS

Intro

The World’s Most Advanced Open Source Relational Database

PostgreSQL is winning this title for the second year in a row. First released in 1989, PostgreSQL turns 30 this year and is at the peak of its popularity, showing no signs of ageing with a very active community. It’s the fastest growing DBMS last three years.

Everyone wants a fast database, I think that is what everybody can agree upon. The question is: fast in what respect?
In terms of databases, there are at least different directions of fast:

  • number of transactions per second
  • throughput or amount of data processed

These are interrelated but definitely not the same.
And both have completely different requirements in terms of IO. In general, you want to avoid IO at all cost. This is because IO is always slow in comparison to access to data in memory, CPU-caches of different levels or even CPU registers. As a rule of thumb, every layer slows down access by about 1:1000.
For a system with high demand for a large number of transactions per second, you need as many concurrent IOs as you can get, for a system with high throughput you need an IO subsystem which can deliver as many bytes per seconds as possible.

That leads to the requirement to have as much data as possible near to the CPU, e.g. in RAM. At least the working set should fit, which is the set of data that is needed to give answers in an acceptable amount of time.

Each database engine has a specific memory layout and handles different memory areas for different purposes.

To recap: we need to avoid IO and we need to size the memory layout so that the database is able to work efficiently (and I assume that all other tasks in terms of proper schema design are done).

Here are the critical parameters

  • max_connections
    This is what you think: the maximum number of current connections. If you reach the limit you will not be able to connect to the server anymore. Every connection occupies resources, the number should not be set too high. If you have long run sessions, you probably need to use a higher number as if the sessions are mostly short-lived. Keep aligned with configuration for connection pooling.
  • max_prepared_transactions
    When you use prepared transactions you should set this parameter at least equal to the amount of max_connections, so that every connection can have at least one prepared transaction. You should consult the documentation for your prefered ORM to see if there are special hints on this.
  • shared_buffers
    This is the main memory configuration parameter, PostgreSQL uses that for memory buffers. As a rule of thumb, you should set this parameter to 25% of the physical RAM. The operating system itself caches as much data to and from disk, so increasing this value over a certain amount will give you no benefit.
  • effective_cache_size
    The available OS memory should equal shared_buffers + effective_cache_size. So when you have 16 GB RAM and you set shared_buffers to 25% thereof (4 GB) then effective_cache_size should be set to 12 GB.
  • maintenance_work_mem
    The amount of this memory setting is used for maintenance tasks like VACUUM or CREATE INDEX. A good first estimate is 25% of shared_buffers.
  • wal_buffers
    This translates roughly to the amount of uncommitted or dirty data inside the caches. If you set this to -1, then PostgreSQL takes 1/32 of shared_buffers for this. In other words: when you do so and you have shared_buffers = 32 GB, then you might have up to 1G of unwritten data to the WAL (=transaction) log.
  • work_mem
    All complex sorts benefit from this, so it should not be too low. Setting it too high can have a negative impact: a query with 4 tables in a merge join occupies 4xwork_mem. You could start with ~ 1% of shared_buffers or at least 8 MB. For a data warehouse, I’d suggest starting with much larger values.
  • max_worker_processes
    Set this to the number of CPUs you want to share for PostgreSQL exclusively. This is the number of background processes the database engine can use.
  • max_parallel_workers_per_gather
    The maximum workers a Gather or GatherMerge node can use (see documentation about details), should be set equal to max_worker_processes.
  • max_parallel_workers
    Maximum parallel worker processes for parallel queries. Same as for max_worker_processes.

The following settings have direct impact on the query optimizer, which tries its best to find the right strategy to answer a query as fast as possible.

  • effective_io_concurrency
    The number of real concurrent IO operations supported by the IO subsystem. As a starting point: with plain HDD try 2, with SSDs go for 200 and if you have a potent SAN you can start with 300.
  • random_page_cost
    This factor basically tells the PostgreSQL query planner how much more (or less) expensive it is to access a random page than to do sequential access.
    In times of SSDs or potent SANs this does not seem so relevant, but it was in times of traditional hard disk drives. For SSDs an SANs, start with 1.1, for plain old disks set it to 4.
  • min_ and max_wal_size
    These settings set size boundaries on the transaction log of PostgreSQL. Basically this is the amount of data that can be written until a checkpoint is issued which in turn syncs the in-memory data with the on-disk data.

User cases

8 GB RAM, 4 virtual CPU cores, SSD storage, Data Warehouse:

  • large sequential IOs, due to ETL processes
  • large result sets
  • complex joins with many tables
  • many long lasting connections

So let’s look at some example configuration:

max_connections = 100
shared_buffers = 2GB
effective_cache_size = 6GB
maintenance_work_mem = 1GB
wal_buffers = 16MB
random_page_cost = 1.1
effective_io_concurrency = 200
work_mem = 64MB
min_wal_size = 4GB
max_wal_size = 8GB
max_worker_processes = 4
max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 2
max_parallel_workers = 4

2 GB RAM, 2 virtual CPU, SAN-like storage, a blog-engine like WordPress

  • few connection
  • simple queries
  • tiny result sets
  • low transaction frequency
max_connections = 20
shared_buffers = 512MB
effective_cache_size = 1536MB
maintenance_work_mem = 128MB
wal_buffers = 16MB
random_page_cost = 1.1
effective_io_concurrency = 300
work_mem = 26214kB
min_wal_size = 16MB
max_wal_size = 64MB
max_worker_processes = 2
max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 1
max_parallel_workers = 2

Rasperry Pi, 4 arm cores, SD-card storage, some self-written Python thingy

max_connections = 10
shared_buffers = 128MB
effective_cache_size = 384MB
maintenance_work_mem = 32MB
wal_buffers = 3932kB
random_page_cost = 10 # really slow IO, really slow
effective_io_concurrency = 1
work_mem = 3276kB
max_worker_processes = 4
max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 2
max_parallel_workers = 4

More details

Windows Controls via CMD

Windows RUN Shortcuts

Type of CommandCanonical NameCommandKeywordOS
Control Panel Applet, Accessibility Optionscontrol access.cplcplXP
Control Panel AppletAction Centercontrol /name Microsoft.ActionCentercpl8, 7
Control Panel AppleRecent Messagescontrol wscui.cplcpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletAdd Features to Windows 8control /name Microsoft.WindowsAnytimeUpgradecplWin8
Control Panel AppletAdd Hardwarecontrol /name Microsoft.AddHardwarecplVista
Control Panel AppletDevice Manager (W10)control hdwwiz.cplcplXP
Control Panel AppletAdd or Remove Programscontrol appwiz.cplcplXP
Control Panel AppletAdministrative Toolscontrol /name Microsoft.AdministrativeToolscpl10, 8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletAdministrative Toolscontrol admintoolscpl10, 8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletAutomatic Updatescontrol wuaucpl.cplcplXP
Control Panel AppletAutoPlaycontrol /name Microsoft.AutoPlaycpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletBackup and Restore Centercontrol /name Microsoft.BackupAndRestoreCentercplVista
Control Panel AppletBackup and Restorecontrol /name Microsoft.BackupAndRestorecpl7
Control Panel AppletBiometric Devicescontrol /name Microsoft.BiometricDevicescpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletBitLocker Drive Encryptioncontrol /name Microsoft.BitLockerDriveEncryptioncpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletBluetooth Devicescontrol bthprops.cpl 13cpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletBluetooth Devicescontrol /name Microsoft.BluetoothDevicescplVista
Control Panel AppletColor Managementcontrol /name Microsoft.ColorManagementcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletColor 1WinColor.exe 2cplXP
Control Panel AppletCredential Managercontrol /name Microsoft.CredentialManagercpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletClient Service for NetWarecontrol nwc.cplcplXP
Control Panel AppletDate and Timecontrol /name Microsoft.DateAndTimecpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletDate and Timecontrol timedate.cplcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletDate and Timecontrol date/timecpl8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletDefault Locationcontrol /name Microsoft.DefaultLocationcplWin7
Control Panel AppletDefault Programscontrol /name Microsoft.DefaultProgramscpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletDesktop Gadgetscontrol /name Microsoft.DesktopGadgetscplWin7
Control Panel AppletDevice Managercontrol /name Microsoft.DeviceManagercpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletDevice Managercontrol hdwwiz.cplcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletDevice Managerdevmgmt.mscmsc8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletDevices and Printerscontrol /name Microsoft.DevicesAndPrinterscpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletDevices and Printerscontrol printerscpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletDisplaycontrol /name Microsoft.Displaycpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletDisplaycontrol desk.cplcpl10, XP
Control Panel AppletSetting Backgroundcontrol desktopcpl10, XP
Control Panel AppletEase of Access Centercontrol /name Microsoft.EaseOfAccessCentercpl10, 8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletEase of Access Centercontrol access.cplcpl10, 8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletFamily Safetycontrol /name Microsoft.ParentalControlscplWin8
Control Panel AppletFile Historycontrol /name Microsoft.FileHistorycplWin8
Control Panel AppletFlash Player Settings Managercontrol flashplayercplapp.cplcplWin8
Control Panel AppletFolder Optionscontrol /name Microsoft.FolderOptionscpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletFile Explorer Optionscontrol folderscpl8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletFontscontrol /name Microsoft.Fontscpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletFontscontrol fontscpl8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletGame Controllerscontrol /name Microsoft.GameControllerscpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletGame Controllercontrol joy.cplcpl10, 8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletGet Programscontrol /name Microsoft.GetProgramscpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletGetting Startedcontrol /name Microsoft.GettingStartedcplWin7
Control Panel AppletHome Groupcontrol /name Microsoft.HomeGroupcpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletIndexing Optionscontrol /name Microsoft.IndexingOptionscpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletIndexing options (W10)rundll32.exe shell32.dll,Control_RunDLL srchadmin.dllcpl8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletInfraredcontrol /name Microsoft.Infraredcpl10, 8, 7
Control Panel AppletInfraredcontrol irprops.cplcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletInfraredcontrol /name Microsoft.InfraredOptionscplVista
Control Panel AppletInternet Optionscontrol /name Microsoft.InternetOptionscpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletInternet Optionscontrol inetcpl.cplcpl8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletiSCSI Initiatorcontrol /name Microsoft.iSCSIInitiatorcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletKeyboardcontrol /name Microsoft.Keyboardcpl10, 8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletKeyboardcontrol keyboardcpl10, 8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletLanguagecontrol /name Microsoft.Languagecpl10, 8
Control Panel AppletLocation and Other Sensorscontrol /name Microsoft.LocationAndOtherSensorscpl10, 7
Control Panel AppletLocation Settingscontrol /name Microsoft.LocationSettingscplWin8
Control Panel AppletMail 4control mlcfg32.cpl 5cpl8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletMousecontrol /name Microsoft.Mousecpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletMousecontrol main.cplcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletMousecontrol mousecpl8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletNetwork and Sharing Centercontrol /name Microsoft.NetworkAndSharingCentercpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletNetwork Connectionscontrol ncpa.cplcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletNetwork Connectionscontrol netconnectionscpl8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletNetwork Setup Wizardcontrol netsetup.cplcpl8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletNotification Area Iconscontrol /name Microsoft.NotificationAreaIconscpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletODBC Data Source Administratorcontrol odbccp32.cplcplXP
Control Panel AppletOffline Filescontrol /name Microsoft.OfflineFilescpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletParental Controlscontrol /name Microsoft.ParentalControlscpl7, Vista
Control Panel AppletPen and Input Devicescontrol /name Microsoft.PenAndInputDevicescplVista
Control Panel AppletPen and Input Devicescontrol tabletpc.cplcplVista
Control Panel AppletPen and Touchcontrol /name Microsoft.PenAndTouchcpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletPen and Touchcontrol tabletpc.cplcpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletPeople Near Mecontrol /name Microsoft.PeopleNearMecpl7, Vista
Control Panel AppletPeople Near Mecontrol collab.cplcpl7, Vista
Control Panel AppletPerformance Information and Toolscontrol /name Microsoft.PerformanceInformationAndToolscpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletPersonalizationcontrol /name Microsoft.Personalizationcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletPersonalizationcontrol desktopcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletPhone and Modem Optionscontrol /name Microsoft.PhoneAndModemOptionscplVista
Control Panel AppletPhone and Modem Optionscontrol telephon.cplcplVista, XP
Control Panel AppletPhone and Modemcontrol /name Microsoft.PhoneAndModemcpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletPhone and Modemcontrol telephon.cplcpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletPower Optionscontrol /name Microsoft.PowerOptionscpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletPower Optionscontrol powercfg.cplcpl8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletPrinters and Faxescontrol printerscplXP
Control Panel AppletPrinterscontrol /name Microsoft.PrinterscplVista
Control Panel AppletPrinterscontrol printerscplVista
Control Panel AppletProblem Reports and Solutionscontrol /name Microsoft.ProblemReportsAndSolutionscplVista
Control Panel AppletPrograms and Featurescontrol /name Microsoft.ProgramsAndFeaturescpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletPrograms and Featurescontrol appwiz.cplcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletRecoverycontrol /name Microsoft.Recoverycpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletRegioncontrol /name Microsoft.RegionAndLanguagecplWin8
Control Panel AppletRegioncontrol intl.cplcplWin8
Control Panel AppletRegioncontrol internationalcplWin8
Control Panel AppletRegion and Languagecontrol /name Microsoft.RegionAndLanguagecplWin7
Control Panel AppletRegion and Languagecontrol intl.cplcplWin7
Control Panel AppletRegion and Languagecontrol internationalcplWin7
Control Panel AppletRegional and Language Optionscontrol /name Microsoft.RegionalAndLanguageOptionscplVista
Control Panel AppletRegional and Language Optionscontrol intl.cplcplVista
Control Panel AppletRegional and Language Optionscontrol internationalcplVista, XP
Control Panel AppletRemoteApp and Desktop Connectionscontrol /name Microsoft.RemoteAppAndDesktopConnectionscpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletScanners and Camerascontrol /name Microsoft.ScannersAndCamerascpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletScanners and Camerascontrol sticpl.cplcplXP
Control Panel AppletScheduled Taskscontrol schedtaskscplXP
Control Panel AppletScreen Resolutioncontrol desk.cplcpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletSecurity Centercontrol /name Microsoft.SecurityCentercplVista
Control Panel AppletSecurity Centercontrol wscui.cplcplXP
Control Panel AppletSoftware Explorers 8msascui.exe 9cplXP
Control Panel AppletSoundcontrol /name Microsoft.Soundcpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletSoundcontrol /name Microsoft.AudioDevicesAndSoundThemescplVista
Control Panel AppletSoundcontrol mmsys.cplcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletSounds and Audio Devicescontrol mmsys.cplcplXP
Control Panel AppletSpeech Recognition Optionscontrol /name Microsoft.SpeechRecognitionOptionscplVista
Control Panel AppletSpeech Recognitioncontrol /name Microsoft.SpeechRecognitioncpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletSpeechcontrol sapi.cpl 10cplXP
Control Panel AppletStorage Spacescontrol /name Microsoft.StorageSpacescplWin8
Control Panel AppletSync Centercontrol /name Microsoft.SyncCentercpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletSystemcontrol /name Microsoft.Systemcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletSystem Propertiescontrol sysdm.cplcpl7, XP
Control Panel AppletSystem Propertiescontrol sysdm.cplcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletTablet PC Settingscontrol /name Microsoft.TabletPCSettingscpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletTask Scheduler 7control schedtaskscpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletTaskbarcontrol /name Microsoft.Taskbarcpl10, 8
Control Panel AppletTaskbarrundll32.exe shell32.dll,Options_RunDLL 1cplWin8
Control Panel AppletTaskbar and Start Menucontrol /name Microsoft.TaskbarAndStartMenucpl7, Vista
Control Panel AppletTaskbar and Start Menurundll32.exe shell32.dll,Options_RunDLL 1cpl7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletText to Speechcontrol /name Microsoft.TextToSpeechcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletTroubleshootingcontrol /name Microsoft.Troubleshootingcpl8, 7
Control Panel AppletUser Accountscontrol /name Microsoft.UserAccountscpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletUser Accountscontrol userpasswords control userpasswords2cpl8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletWelcome Centercontrol /name Microsoft.WelcomeCentercplVista
Control Panel AppletWindows 7 File Recoverycontrol /name Microsoft.BackupAndRestorecplWin8
Control Panel AppletWindows Anytime Upgradecontrol /name Microsoft.WindowsAnytimeUpgradecpl7, Vista
Control Panel AppletWindows CardSpacecontrol /name Microsoft.CardSpacecpl7, Vista
Control Panel AppletWindows CardSpacecontrol infocardcpl.cplcpl7, Vista
Control Panel AppletWindows Defendercontrol /name Microsoft.WindowsDefendercpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletWindows Firewallcontrol /name Microsoft.WindowsFirewallcpl8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletWindows Firewallcontrol firewall.cplcpl10, 8, 7, Vista, XP
Control Panel AppletWindows Marketplacecontrol /name Microsoft.GetProgramsOnlinecplVista only
Control Panel AppletWindows Mobility Centercontrol /name Microsoft.MobilityCentercpl10, 8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletWindows Sidebar Propertiescontrol /name Microsoft.WindowsSidebarPropertiescplVista only
Control Panel AppletWindows SideShowcontrol /name Microsoft.WindowsSideShowcpl8,7, Vista only
Control Panel AppletWindows Updatecontrol /name Microsoft.WindowsUpdatecpl10, 8, 7, Vista
Control Panel AppletWireless Link, Infraredcontrol irprops.cplcpl10, XP
ExecutableAccessibility OptionsutilmanexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableAdd Hardware WizardhdwwizexeWin7, 8, 10
Control Panel Applet(Add New Programs)control appwiz.cpl,,1cplWin7, 8, 10
Control Panel Applet(Add Remove Windows Components)control appwiz.cpl,,2cplWin7, 8, 10
Control Panel Applet(Set Program Access & Defaults )control appwiz.cpl,,3cplWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableAdvanced User Accounts Control PanelnetplwizexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleAuthorization Managerazman.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableAutomatic Updatecontrol wuaucpl.cplexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableBackup and Restore UtilitysdcltexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableBluetooth Transfer WizardfsquirtexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableCalculatorcalcexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleCertificate Managercertmgr.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableCharacter MapcharmapexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableCheck Disk UtilitychkdskexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableClear Type (tune or turn off)cttuneexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableColor ManagementcolorcplexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableCommand PromptcmdexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableComponent ServicesdcomcnfgexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleComponent Servicescomexp.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableComputer ManagementCompMgmtLauncher.exeexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleComputer Managementcompmgmt.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableControl PanelcontrolexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableCredential (passwords) Backup and Restore WizardcredwizexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableData Execution PreventionSystemPropertiesDataExecutionPreventionexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDate and Time Propertiestimedate.cplexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDevice Pairing WizardDevicePairingWizardexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDigitizer Calibration Tool (Tablets/Touch screens)tabcalexeWin7, 8, 10
Control Panel AppletDirect X Control Panel (if installed)directx.cplcplWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDirect X TroubleshooterdxdiagexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDisk Cleanup UtilitycleanmgrexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDisk DefragmenterdfrguiexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDisk DefragmenterdefragexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleDisk Managementdiskmgmt.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDisk Partition ManagerdiskpartexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDisplay Color CalibrationdccwexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDisplay DPI / Text sizedpiscalingexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDisplay Properties (Themes, Desktop, Screensaver)control desktopexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDisplay Properties (Resolution, Orientation)desk.cplexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDisplay Properties (Color & Appearance)control colorexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDocuments (open 'My Documents' folder)documentsexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDownloads (open 'Downloads' folder)downloadsexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDriver Verifier UtilityverifierexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDVD PlayerdvdplayexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableEdit Environment Variablesrundll32.exe sysdm.cpl,EditEnvironmentVariablesexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableEncrypting File System Wizard (EFS)rekeywizexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleEvent Viewereventvwr.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableFile Signature Verification Tool (Device drivers)sigverifexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableFiles and Settings Transfer Tool%systemroot%\system32\migwiz\migwiz.exeexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableFolders Propertiescontrol foldersexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableFonts listcontrol fontsexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableFont previewfontview arial.ttfexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableGame Controllersjoy.cplexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleLocal Group Policy Editorgpedit.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableInternet Propertiesinetcpl.cplexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableIP ConfigurationipconfigexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableiSCSI Initiator configurationiscsicplexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableKeyboard Propertiescontrol keyboardexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableLanguage Pack InstallerlpksetupexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleLocal Security Policysecpol.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableLog outlogoffexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableMicrosoft Malicious Software Removal ToolmrtexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableMicrosoft Management ConsolemmcexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableAccess (Microsoft Office)msaccessexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableExcel (Microsoft Office)ExcelexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutablePowerpoint (Microsoft Office)powerpntexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWord (Microsoft Office)winwordexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableMicrosoft PaintmspaintexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableMicrosoft Support Diagnostic ToolmsdtexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableProjector: Connect to Network ProjectornetprojexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableProjector: Switch projector displaydisplayswitchexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableNotepadnotepadexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableODBC Data Source AdminC:\windows\system32\odbcad32.exeexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableDefault ODBC driver: 32-bit ODBC driver under 64-bit platformC:\windows\sysWOW64\odbcad32.exeexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableODBC configuration - Install/configure MDAC driversodbcconfexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableOn Screen KeyboardoskexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableOOB Getting StartedgettingstartedexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutablePassword - Create a Windows Password Reset Disk (USB)"C:\Windows\system32\rundll32.exe" keymgr.dll,PRShowSaveWizardExWexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consolePerformance Monitorperfmon.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutablePhone DialerdialerexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutablePresentation SettingsPresentationSettingsexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableProblem Steps RecorderpsrexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableProgram Access and Computer Defaults - browser / email / mediacomputerdefaultsexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutablePrinters and Faxescontrol printersexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consolePrint ManagementPrintManagement.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutablePrinter Migration (backup/restore)printbrmui and printbrm.exeexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutablePrinter user interface (List all printui.dll options)printuiexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutablePrivate Character EditoreudceditexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableRegional Settings - Language, Date/Time format, keyboard locale.intl.cplexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableRegistry EditorregeditexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableRemote AssistancemsraexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableRemote DesktopmstscexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableResource MonitorresmonexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleResultant Set of Policyrsop.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableSettings (Windows 10)ms-settings:exeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableScheduled Taskscontrol schedtasksexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableScreenshot Snipping ToolsnippingtoolexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleServicesservices.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableShared Folder WizardshrpubwexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleShared Foldersfsmgmt.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableShut Down WindowsshutdownexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableEXAMPLE: Immediately
Restart immediately
Abort shutdown/restart countdown		shutdown /s /t 0
shutdown /r /t 0
shutdown /a		exeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableSoftware Licensing/ActivationsluiexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableSound RecordersoundrecorderexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableSound VolumesndvolexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableSyncronization Tool (Offline files)mobsyncexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleSystem Configuration UtilitymsconfigmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableSystem File Checker Utility (Scan/Purge)sfcexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableSystem Informationmsinfo32exeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableSystem Properties - PerformanceSystemPropertiesPerformanceexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableSystem Properties - HardwareSystemPropertiesHardwareexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableSystem Properties - AdvancedSystemPropertiesAdvancedexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableSystem Repair - Create a System Repair DiscrecdiscexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableSystem RestorerstruiexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableTask ManagertaskmgrexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleTask Schedulertaskschd.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableTelnet ClienttelnetexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableTrusted Platform Module Initialization WizardtpmInitexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableUser Accounts (Autologon)control userpasswords2exeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableUser Account Control (UAC) SettingsUserAccountControlSettingsexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableUser Profiles - Edit/Change typeC:\Windows\System32\rundll32.exe sysdm.cpl,EditUserProfilesexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows Disc Image Burning Toolisoburn C:\movies\madmax.isoexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows Explorerexplorer.exeexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows FeaturesoptionalfeaturesexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows Firewallfirewall.cplexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleWindows Firewall with Advanced Securitywf.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows Image Acquisition (scanner)wiaacmgrexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows MagnifiermagnifyexeWin7, 8, 10
Management consoleWindows Management Infrastructurewmimgmt.mscmscWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows Memory Diagnostic SchedulermdschedexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows Mobility Center (Mobile PCs only)mblctrexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows PowerShellpowershellexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows PowerShell ISEpowershell_iseexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows Security Action Centerwscui.cplexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows Script Host(VBScript)wscript NAME_OF_SCRIPT.VBSexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows System Security Tool. Encrypt the SAM database. (boot password.)syskeyexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows UpdatewuappexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows Update Standalone InstallerwusaexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWindows Version (About Windows)winverexeWin7, 8, 10
ExecutableWordPadwriteexeWin7, 8, 10
DeprecatedMicrosoft.BackupAndRestoreCenter/Microsoft.BackupAndRestoreremoved in Win 8
DeprecatedMicrosoft.CardSpaceremoved in Win 8
DeprecatedMicrosoft.DesktopGadgetsremoved in Win 8
DeprecatedMicrosoft.GetProgramsOnlineremoved in Win 7
DeprecatedMicrosoft.PeopleNearMeremoved in Win 8.1
DeprecatedMicrosoft.PerformanceInformationAndToolsremoved in Win 8.1
DeprecatedMicrosoft.WindowsSidebarPropertiesremoved in Win 8.1
DeprecatedMicrosoft.WindowsSideShowremoved in Win 8.1
commandrunasrunas /user:administrator controlfull commandWin 10
commandView IP confignetsh interface ip show configfull commandWin 10
commandConfigure interface 'Local Area Connection' with [IPaddr] [Netmask] [DefaultGW]netsh interface ip set address local static [IPaddr] [Netmask] [DefaultGW] 1full commandWin 10
commandConfigure DNS server for 'Local Area Connection'netsh interface ip set dns local static [IPaddr]full commandWin 10
commandConfigure interface to use DHCPnetsh interface ip set address local dhcpfull commandWin 10
commandTurn off built-in Windows firewallnetsh firewall set opmode disablefull commandWin 10
variableC:\ProgramDataALLUSERSPROFILEvariableWin 10
variableC:\Users\{username}\AppData\RoamingAPPDATAvariableWin 10
variableThe current directory (string)CDvariableWin 10
regAdd a key to the registry on machine [TargetIPaddr] within the registry domain [RegDomain] to location [Key].reg add [\\TargetIPaddr\] [RegDomain]\[Key]RegeditWin 10
regExport all subkeys and values located in the domain [RegDomain] under the location [Key] to the file [FileName]reg export [RegDomain]\[Key] [FileName]RegeditWin 10
regImport all registry entries from the file [FileName]reg import [FileName]RegeditWin 10
regQuery for a specific Value of a Key:reg query [\\TargetIPaddr\][RegDomain]\[Key] /v [ValueName]regeditWin 10
wmicUseful [aliases]:
process
service
share
nicconfig
startup
useraccount
qfe (Quick Fix Engineering – shows patches)		wmic [alias] [where clause] [verb clause]wmicWin 10
wmicExample[where clauses]:where name="nc.exe"where (commandline like "%stuff")where (name="cmd.exe" and parentprocessid!="[pid]")wmicWin 10
wmicExample [verb clauses]:list [full|brief]get [attrib1,attrib2...]call [method]deletewmicWin 10
wmicList all attributes of [alias]wmic [alias] get /?wmicWin 10
wmicList all callable methods of [alias]wmic [alias] call /?wmicWin 10
wmicEXAMPLE: List all attributes of all running processeswmic process list fullwmicWin 10
wmicEXAMPLE: Make WMIC effect remote [TargetIPaddr]wmic /node:[TargetIPaddr] /user:[User] /password:[Passwd] process list fullwmicWin 10
ExecutableList all processes currently runningtasklistprocessWin 10
ExecutableList all processes currently running and the DLLs each has loadedtasklist /mprocessWin 10
ExecutableLists all processes currently running which have the specified [dll] loadedtasklist /m [dll]processWin 10
ExecutableList all processes currently running and the services hosted in those processestasklist /svcprocessWin 10
ExecutableQuery brief status of all servicessc queryservicesWin 10
ExecutableQuery the configuration of a specific servicesc qc [ServiceName]servicesWin 10
ExecutableShow all TCP and UDP port usage and process IDnetstat -anetworkWin 10
ExecutableTo list out only tcp connectionsnetstat -tnetworkWin 11
ExecutableListing all LISTENING Connectionsnetstat -lnetworkWin 12
ExecutableLook for usage of port [port] every [N] secondsnetstat -ano [N] | find [port]networkWin 10
ExecutableDump detailed protocol statisticsnetstat -ano -p [tcp|udp|ip|icmp]networkWin 10
commandSearch directory structure for a file in a specific directorydir /b /s [Directory]\[FileName]cplWin 10
commandCount the number of lines on StandardOuy of [Command][Command] | find /c /v ""cplWin 10
commandCounting Loop;
Set %i to an initial value of [start] and increment it by [step] at every iteration until its value is equal to [stop]. For each iteration, run [command]. The iterator variable %i can be used anywhere in the command to represent its current value		for /L %i in ([start],[step],[stop]) do [command]cplWin 10
commandIterate over file contents;
Iterate through the contents of the file on a line-by-line basis. For each iteration, store the contents of the line into %i and run [command]		for /F %i in ([file-set]) do [command]commandWin 10
Control Panel AppletLocal User Manager (includes group management)lusrmgr.msccommandWin 10
Shell CommandAccesses the account pictures folder you have in your Windows 10 device.shell:AccountPictureshellWin10
Shell CommandAdds a new program folder.shell:AddNewProgramsFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses administrative tools folder.shell:Administrative ToolsshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses AppData folder in the Windows 10 system.shell:AppDatashellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses Application Shortcuts folder.shell:Application ShortcutsshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses the Apps Folder.shell:AppsFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses the Apps updates folder.shell:AppUpdatesFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses the Cache folder.shell:CacheshellWin10
Shell CommandAccess camera roll folder.shell:Camera RollshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses the temporary burn folder.shell:CD BurningshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses the Remove/Change program folder.shell:ChangeRemoveProgramsFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses the Administrative Tools folder.shell:Common Administrative ToolsshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses the Common AppData folder.shell:Common AppDatashellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses the public desktop folder.shell:Common DesktopshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses Public Documents folder.shell:Common DocumentsshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses Programs folder.shell:Common ProgramsshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses the start menu folder.shell:Common Start MenushellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses Startup folder situated in t he Windows 10 system.shell:Common StartupshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses “Common Templates” folder.shell:Common TemplatesshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses Downloads folder.shell:CommonDownloadsshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses the music folder.shell:CommonMusicshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses “Pictures” folder.shell:CommonPicturesshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses the ringtones folder.shell:CommonRingtonesshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses the public Video folder.shell:CommonVideoshellWin10
Shell CommandAccesses the Conflict folder in the Windows 10 system.shell:ConflictFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens up the connections foldershell:ConnectionsFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Contact foldershell:ContactsshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Control panel folder.shell:ControlPanelFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Cookies folder.shell:CookiesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Credential manager feature.shell:CredentialManagershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens up the Crypto keys foldershell:CryptoKeysshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the CSC Folder.shell:CSCFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens up the Desktop folder.shell:DesktopshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the metadata store folder.shell:Device Metadata StoreshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Documents Library foldershell:DocumentsLibraryshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Downloads foldershell:DownloadsshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the DpapiKeys foldershell:DpapiKeysshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Favorites folder.shell:FavoritesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Fonts folder.shell:FontsshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Games folder.shell:GamesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Game Tasks foldershell:GameTasksshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the History foldershell:HistoryshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the HomeGroup folder for the current user.shell:HomeGroupCurrentUserFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens HomeGroup folder.shell:HomeGroupFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Implicit Apps shortcut folder.shell:ImplicitAppShortcutsshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Internet Folder.shell:InternetFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Libraries folder.shell:LibrariesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Links folder.shell:LinksshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Local AppData folder.shell:Local AppDatashellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Local AppDataLow folder.shell:LocalAppDataLowshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens LocalizedResources folder.shell:LocalizedResourcesDirshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens MAPI folder.shell:MAPIFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens LusicLibrary folder.shell:MusicLibraryshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens My Music folder.shell:My MusicshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens My Video folder.shell:My VideoshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens MyComputer folder.shell:MyComputerFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens NetHood folder.shell:NetHoodshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens NetworkPlaces folder.shell:NetworkPlacesFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens OEM Links folder.shell:OEM LinksshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens OneDrive folder in Windows 10shell:OneDriveshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Original Images folder.shell:Original ImagesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Personal folder.shell:PersonalshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens PhotoAlbums folder.shell:PhotoAlbumsshellWin10
Shell Commandopens PicturesLibrary folder.shell:PicturesLibraryshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Playlists folder.shell:PlaylistsshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Printer folder.shell:PrintersFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens PrintHood folder.shell:PrintHoodshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Profile folder.shell:ProfileshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens ProgramFiles folder.shell:ProgramFilesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens ProgramFilesCommon folder.shell:ProgramFilesCommonshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens ProgramFilesCommonX64 folder.shell:ProgramFilesCommonX64shellWin10
Shell CommandOpens ProgramFilesCommonX86 folder.shell:ProgramFilesCommonX86shellWin10
Shell CommandOpens ProgramFilesX64 folder.shell:ProgramFilesX64shellWin10
Shell CommandOpens ProgramFilesX86 folder.shell:ProgramFilesX86shellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Programs folder.shell:ProgramsshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Public folder.shell:PublicshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens PublicAccountPictures folder.shell:PublicAccountPicturesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens PublicGameTasks folder.shell:PublicGameTasksshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens PublicLibraries folder.shell:PublicLibrariesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Quick Launch folder.shell:Quick LaunchshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens up recent items foldershell:RecentshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens up recorder file in the Windows 10 systemshell:RecordedTVLibraryshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the system Recycle Bin foldershell:RecycleBinFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens up the Resource foldershell:ResourceDirshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens up Demo foldershell:Retail DemoshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens up the Ringtones folder in Windows 10shell:RingtonesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens up the Roamed Tile images foldershell:Roamed Tile ImagesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Roaming Tiles foldershell:Roaming TilesshellWin10
Shell CommandIt opens the SavedGames folder you have in the Windows 10 systemshell:SavedGamesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Screenshots foldershell:ScreenshotsshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Search folder.shell:SearchesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Search History folder you have in the system.shell:SearchHistoryFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Search Home folder.shell:SearchHomeFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Search templates folder.shell:SearchTemplatesFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the SendTo folder.shell:SendToshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the SkyDriveCameraRoll folder.shell:SkyDriveCameraRollshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the SkyDriveMusic folder.shell:SkyDriveMusicshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the SkyDrivePictures folder.shell:SkyDrivePicturesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens up the Start menu folder.shell:Start MenushellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the AllPrograms folder you have in the start menu.shell:StartMenuAllProgramsshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Startup folder.shell:StartupshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the SyncCenter folder.shell:SyncCenterFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the SyncResults folder.shell:SyncResultsFoldershellWin10
Shell Commandopens the SyncSetup folder.shell:SyncSetupFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the System folder.shell:SystemshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the SystemCertificates folder.shell:SystemCertificatesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens SystemX86 folder.shell:SystemX86shellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Templates folder.shell:TemplatesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the ThisPCDesktop folder.shell:ThisPCDesktopFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens User pinned folder.shell:User PinnedshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the user profiles folder.shell:UserProfilesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Program Files folder.shell:UserProgramFilesshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Program Files Common folder.shell:UserProgramFilesCommonshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Files folder from a specific user you are logged in with.shell:UsersFilesFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the Libraries folder for a specific user.shell:UsersLibrariesFoldershellWin10
Shell CommandOpens Video library folder.shell:VideosLibraryshellWin10
Shell CommandOpens the "Windows" folder.shell:WindowsshellWin10
Key ShortcutClose GUI windowsALT+F4shortcutWin 10
OpenSSLCreate new Private Key and Certificate Signing Requestreq -out geekflare.csr -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout geekflare.keyOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLCreate a Self-Signed Certificate (dafault 30 days)openssl req -x509 -sha256 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout gfselfsigned.key -out gfcert.pemOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLCreate a Self-Signed Certificate (for 2 years)openssl req -x509 -sha256 -nodes -days 730 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout gfselfsigned.key -out gfcert.pemOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLPrint certificate’s fingerprint as md5, sha1, sha256 digestopenssl x509 -in cert.pem -fingerprint -sha256 -nooutOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLVerify CSR fileopenssl req -noout -text -in geekflare.csrOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLCreate RSA Private Key (2048-bis is secure enough)openssl genrsa -out private.key 2048OpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLRemove Passphrase from Keyopenssl rsa -in certkey.key -out nopassphrase.keyOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLPrint public key or modulus onlyopenssl rsa -in example.key -puboutOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLPrint textual representation of RSA keyopenssl rsa -in example.key -text -nooutOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLCheck your private key.openssl rsa -check -in example.keyOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLEncrypt existing private key with a passphraseopenssl rsa -des3 -in example.key -out example_with_pass.keyOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLVerify Private Keyopenssl rsa -in certkey.key –checkOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLVerify Certificate Fileopenssl x509 -in certfile.pem -text –nooutOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLVerify the Certificate Signer Authorityopenssl x509 -in certfile.pem -noout -issuer -issuer_hashOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLCheck Hash Value of A Certificateopenssl x509 -noout -hash -in bestflare.pemOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLConvert DER to PEM formatopenssl x509 –inform der –in sslcert.der –out sslcert.pemOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLConvert PEM to DER formatopenssl x509 –outform der –in sslcert.pem –out sslcert.derOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLConvert Certificate and Private Key to PKCS#12 formatopenssl pkcs12 –export –out sslcert.pfx –inkey key.pem –in sslcert.pemOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLConvert Certificate and Private Key to PKCS#12 format including chainsopenssl pkcs12 –export –out sslcert.pfx –inkey key.pem –in sslcert.pem -chain cacert.pemOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLCreate CSR using an existing private keyopenssl req –out certificate.csr –key existing.key –newOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLCheck contents of PKCS12 format certopenssl pkcs12 –info –nodes –in cert.p12OpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLConvert PKCS12 format to PEM certificateopenssl pkcs12 –in cert.p12 –out cert.pemOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLCombine several certificates in PKCS7 (P7B)openssl crl2pkcs7 -nocrl -certfile child.crt -certfile ca.crt -out example.p7bOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLCombine a PEM and a private key to PKCS#12 (.pfx .p12) + chainsopenssl pkcs12 -export -out certificate.pfx -inkey privkey.pem -in certificate.pem -certfile ca-chain.pemOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLConvert a PKCS#12 file (.pfx .p12) back to PEM (for export)openssl pkcs12 -in keystore.pfx -out keystore.pem -nodesOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLList available EC curves supported in OpenSSLopenssl ecparam -list_curvesOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLTest SSL certificate of particular URLopenssl s_client -connect yoururl.com:443 –showcertsOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLFind out OpenSSL versionopenssl versionOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLList cipher suitesopenssl ciphers -vOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLCheck PEM File Certificate Expiration Dateopenssl x509 -noout -in certificate.pem -datesOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLCheck Certificate Expiration Date of SSL URLopenssl s_client -connect secureurl.com:443 2>/dev/null | openssl x509 -noout –enddateOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLSSL check if SSL3 is accepted on URLopenssl s_client -connect secureurl.com:443 -ssl2OpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLSSL check if SSL3 is accepted on URLopenssl s_client -connect secureurl.com:443 –ssl3OpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLSSL check if TLS1 is accepted on URLopenssl s_client -connect secureurl.com:443 –tls1OpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLSSL check if TLS1.1 is accepted on URLopenssl s_client -connect secureurl.com:443 –tls1_1OpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLSSL check if TLS1.2 is accepted on URLopenssl s_client -connect secureurl.com:443 –tls1_2OpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLVerify if the particular cipher is accepted on URLopenssl s_client -cipher 'ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA' -connect secureurl:443OpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLConnect to a server and show full certificate chainopenssl s_client -showcerts -host example.com -port 443 OpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLOverride SN when multiple secure sites are hosted on same IPopenssl s_client -servername www.example.com -host example.com -port 443OpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLMeasure SSL connection time with session reuseopenssl s_time -connect example.com:443 -newOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLMeasure SSL connection time without session reuseopenssl s_time -connect example.com:443 -reuseOpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLMeasure speed of security algorithms, rsaopenssl speed rsa2048OpenSSLWin and Unix
OpenSSLMeasure speed of security algorithms, ecdsapopenssl speed ecdsap256OpenSSLWin and Unix
openssl, curlExamine TCP and SSL handshake times using curlcurl -kso /dev/null -w "tcp:%{time_connect}, ssldone:%{time_appconnect}\n" https://example.comOpenSSLWin and Unix
curlCheck URLcurl https://domain.com/cURLWin and Unix
curlstore the output of URL in a filecurl -o website https://domain.com/cURLWin and Unix
curlDownload filescurl -O https://domain.com/file.zipcURLWin and Unix
curlDownload with different namecurl -o archive.zip https://domain.com/file.zipcURLWin and Unix
curlFetch Multiple Files at a timecurl -O URL1 -O URL2cURLWin and Unix
curlGet HTTP header informationcurl -I http://domain.comcURLWin and Unix
curlGet HTTP only response header informationcurl -i https://domain.com/cURLWin and Unix
curlAccess an FTP servercurl ftp://ftp.domain.com --user username:passwordcURLWin and Unix
curldownload files via FTPcurl ftp://ftp.domain.com/filename.extension --user username:passwordcURLWin and Unix
curlupload a file onto the FTP server:curl -T filename.extension ftp://ftp.domain.com/ --user username:passwordcURLWin and Unix
curlFollow HTTP Location Headers with -L optioncurl -L http://www.google.comcURLWin and Unix
curlContinue/Resume a Previous Downloadcurl -O http://domain.com/gettext.htmlcURLWin and Unix
curlLimit the Rate of Data Transfercurl --limit-rate 1000B -O http://domain.com/gettext.htmlcURLWin and Unix
curlDownload only if modified before/aftercurl -z 01-Jan-19 http://www.example.com/yy.htmlcURLWin and Unix
curlPass HTTP Authentication in cURLcurl -u username:password URLcURLWin and Unix
curlMore info Verbose and Trace Optioncurl -v http://google.comcURLWin and Unix
curlSend Mail using SMTP Protocolcurl --mail-from test@test.com --mail-rcpt foo@test.com smtp://mailserver.comcURLWin and Unix
curlPerform an HTTP POST requestcurl -X GET https://domain.com/cURLWin and Unix
curlPerform an HTTP PUT requestcurl -X PUT https://domain.com/cURLWin and Unix
curlView External IPcurl wtfismyip.com/json
curl eth0.me
curl ipecho.net/plain
curl icanhazip.com
curl l2.io/ip
curl ifconfig.me/ip
curl httpbin.org/ip		cURLWin
digView External IPdig +short myip.opendns.com @resolver1.opendns.comUnix
nslookupView External IPnslookup myip.opendns.com resolver1.opendns.comnslookupWin
.Net Version checkView .Net version - Navigate to latest folder\%windir%\Microsoft.NET\FrameWork then .\MSBuild.exe -versionMSBuild.exe -versionWin
mstscFull-screen mode
Admin mode
Matches with local desktop
Matches to to the Client Layout
Edit before running
===
Switches RDP full or windowed mode
Forces rdp full-screen
Take screenshot pf active rdp window
Reboot remote computer
Take screenshot of entire rdp		mstsc /f
mstsc /admin
mstsc /span
mstsc /multimon
mstsc /edit “connection file”
===
Ctrl + Alt + Pause
Ctrl + Alt + Break
Ctrl + Alt + Minus
Ctrl + Alt + Plus
Ctrl + Alt + End		Rdp Commands
mstsc
multimon
span		Win
net viewDisplay a list of computers
List the File/Printer shares on a remote PC
List the shares including hidden shares
List all the shares in the domain		net view
NET VIEW \\ComputerName
NET VIEW \\ComputerName /All
NET VIEW /DOMAIN
net sharemanage file/printer sharesNET SHARE sharename /DELETE
NET SHARE devicename /DELETE
NET SHARE drive:path /DELETE
net share /del *
net useconnect to a file share (Drive MAP).
Make all future connections persistent
Disconnect from a share
Map a drive using alternate credentials - prompt for pass		NET USE F: \\ComputerName\ShareName /PERSISTENT:YES
NET USE /P:Yes
NET USE [driveletter:] /DELETE
NET USE G: \\Server\Share1 /USER:domain\username
net accountsAdjust account settingsnet accounts
[/FORCELOGOFF:{minutes | NO}]
[/MINPWLEN:length]
[/MAXPWAGE:{days | UNLIMITED}]
[/MINPWAGE:days]
[/UNIQUEPW:number] [/DOMAIN]
/]

Notes:

  • By definition, canonical names do not change based on the system language; they’re always in English, even if the system’s language is not.
  • Not all Control Panel items are present in all varieties of Windows.
  • Some Control Panel items only appear if the right hardware is detected on the system.
  • Third parties can also add Control Panel items. The canonical names listed here are only for Control Panel items that are included with Windows.
  • You can find out which Control Panel files (.cpl) are available on your version of Windows by going to c:\Windows\System32. There you find all that are available.
  • You may open different tabs directly by adding ,x to the command, e.g. sysdm.cpl,4 to open the System Protection tab of the System Properties control panel applet. This works on the command prompt, but does not on Start or the Run Box.
  • You can run applets with elevated privileges by starting them from an elevated command prompt. Hold down Ctrl and Shift on the keyboard when you launch the Command Prompt to do so.
  • The canonical names used above may be used to reference these items in the Group Policy.

Notes for CPL applets:

  • Color is not available by default but is available for free from Microsoft. Download from MajorGeeks.
  • WinColor.exe must be run from the C:\Program Files\Pro Imaging Powertoys\Microsoft Color Control Panel Applet for Windows XP folder.
  • Device Manager here being commonly used is not a true Control Panel applet in Windows XP. See How to Open Windows XP Device Manager for more information.
  • The Mail applet is only available if a version of Microsoft Office Outlook is installed.
  • Control mlcfg32.cpl command must be run from the C:\Programs Files\Microsoft Office\OfficeXX folder, replacing OfficeXX with the folder pertaining to the Microsoft Office version you have installed.
  • ODBC Data Source Administrator was removed from Control Panel after Windows XP but is still available from Administrative Tools.
  • In Windows 8, 7, and Vista, task scheduling is performed by Task Scheduler which is not directly accessible from Control Panel. However, executing this command in those versions of Windows will forward to Task Scheduler.
  • Software Explorers is the name for the Control Panel applet for Windows Defender, available for free here as part of Microsoft Security Essentials.
  • Msascui.exe must be run from the C:\Program Files\Windows Defender folder.
  • control sapi.cpl command must be run from the C:\Program Files\Common Files\Microsoft Shared\Speech folder.
  • Windows Defender is available in Windows XP but the Control Panel applet is instead called Software Explorers.
  • Windows Update is also used in Windows XP but only via the Windows Update website, not via a Control Panel applet like in later versions of Windows.
  • Bthprops.cpl in (Win 8) opens Devices in PC Settings which will list any Bluetooth Devices. In Windows 7, bthprops.cpl opens athe Bluetooth Devices list under Devices and Printers. In Windows Vista, bthprops.cpl opens a true Control Panel applet called Bluetooth Devices.
  • Create a GodMode Folder granting access to extra Control Panel features. Create new foldare and name it: God Mode.{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C}

Deprecated Canonical Names

  • Microsoft.BackupAndRestoreCenter/Microsoft.BackupAndRestore — Removed in Windows 8
  • Microsoft.CardSpace — Removed in Windows 8
  • Microsoft.DesktopGadgets Removed in Windows 8
  • Microsoft.GetProgramsOnline — Removed in Windows 7
  • Microsoft.PeopleNearMe — Removed in Windows 8.1
  • Microsoft.PerformanceInformationAndTools –Removed in Windows 8.1
  • Microsoft.WindowsSidebarProperties — Removed in Windows 8
  • Microsoft.WindowsSideShow — Removed in Windows 8.1

Colors

Color Names

With CSS, colors can be set by using
color names:

Color

Name

 

Red

 

Yellow

 

Cyan

 

Blue

 

Magenta

CSS Color Values

With CSS, colors can be specified in different ways:

  • By color names
  • As RGB values
  • As hexadecimal values
  • As HSL values (CSS3)
  • As HWB values (CSS4)

RGB Colors

RGB color values are supported in all browsers.

An RGB color value is specified with: rgb ( RED , GREEN , BLUE)

Each parameter defines the intensity of the color as an integer between 0
and 255. For example, rgb(0,0,255) is rendered as blue, because the blue parameter is
set to its highest value (255) and the others are set to 0.

Color

RGB

Color

rgb(255,0,0)

Red

rgb(0,255,0)

Green

rgb(0,0,255)

Blue

Hexadecimal Colors

Hexadecimal color values are also supported in all browsers.

A hexadecimal color is specified with: #RRGGBB.

RR (red), GG (green) and BB (blue) are hexadecimal integers between 00 and FF specifying the intensity of the color. For example, #0000FF is displayed as blue, because the blue component is set to its highest value (FF) and the others are set to 00.

Color

HEX

RGB

Color

#FF0000

rgb(255,0,0)

Red

#00FF00

rgb(0,255,0)

Green

#0000FF

rgb(0,0,255)

Blue

Shades of gray are often defined using equal values for all the 3 light sources:

Color

HEX

RGB

Color

#000000

rgb(0,0,0)

Black

#808080

rgb(128,128,128)

Gray

#FFFFFF

rgb(255,255,255)

White

Colors Supported by All Browsers

All modern browsers support the following 140 color names (click on a color name, or a hex value, to view the color as the background-color along with different text colors):

SORTED BY NAME

Color Name

HEX

      Color     

AliceBlue

#F0F8FF

AntiqueWhite

#FAEBD7

Aqua

#00FFFF

Aquamarine

#7FFFD4

Azure

#F0FFFF

Beige

#F5F5DC

Bisque

#FFE4C4

Black

#000000

BlanchedAlmond

#FFEBCD

Blue

#0000FF

BlueViolet

#8A2BE2

Brown

#A52A2A

BurlyWood

#DEB887

CadetBlue

#5F9EA0

Chartreuse

#7FFF00

Chocolate

#D2691E

Coral

#FF7F50

CornflowerBlue

#6495ED

Cornsilk

#FFF8DC

Crimson

#DC143C

Cyan

#00FFFF

DarkBlue

#00008B

DarkCyan

#008B8B

DarkGoldenRod

#B8860B

DarkGray

#A9A9A9

DarkGrey

#A9A9A9

DarkGreen

#006400

DarkKhaki

#BDB76B

DarkMagenta

#8B008B

DarkOliveGreen

#556B2F

DarkOrange

#FF8C00

DarkOrchid

#9932CC

DarkRed

#8B0000

DarkSalmon

#E9967A

DarkSeaGreen

#8FBC8F

DarkSlateBlue

#483D8B

DarkSlateGray

#2F4F4F

DarkSlateGrey

#2F4F4F

DarkTurquoise

#00CED1

DarkViolet

#9400D3

DeepPink

#FF1493

DeepSkyBlue

#00BFFF

DimGray

#696969

DimGrey

#696969

DodgerBlue

#1E90FF

FireBrick

#B22222

FloralWhite

#FFFAF0

ForestGreen

#228B22

Fuchsia

#FF00FF

Gainsboro

#DCDCDC

GhostWhite

#F8F8FF

Gold

#FFD700

GoldenRod

#DAA520

Gray

#808080

Grey

#808080

Green

#008000

GreenYellow

#ADFF2F

HoneyDew

#F0FFF0

HotPink

#FF69B4

IndianRed

#CD5C5C

Indigo

#4B0082

Ivory

#FFFFF0

Khaki

#F0E68C

Lavender

#E6E6FA

LavenderBlush

#FFF0F5

LawnGreen

#7CFC00

LemonChiffon

#FFFACD

LightBlue

#ADD8E6

LightCoral

#F08080

LightCyan

#E0FFFF

LightGoldenRodYellow

#FAFAD2

LightGray

#D3D3D3

LightGrey

#D3D3D3

LightGreen

#90EE90

LightPink

#FFB6C1

LightSalmon

#FFA07A

LightSeaGreen

#20B2AA

LightSkyBlue

#87CEFA

LightSlateGray

#778899

LightSlateGrey

#778899

LightSteelBlue

#B0C4DE

LightYellow

#FFFFE0

Lime

#00FF00

LimeGreen

#32CD32

Linen

#FAF0E6

Magenta

#FF00FF

Maroon

#800000

MediumAquaMarine

#66CDAA

MediumBlue

#0000CD

MediumOrchid

#BA55D3

MediumPurple

#9370DB

MediumSeaGreen

#3CB371

MediumSlateBlue

#7B68EE

MediumSpringGreen

#00FA9A

MediumTurquoise

#48D1CC

MediumVioletRed

#C71585

MidnightBlue

#191970

MintCream

#F5FFFA

MistyRose

#FFE4E1

Moccasin

#FFE4B5

NavajoWhite

#FFDEAD

Navy

#000080

OldLace

#FDF5E6

Olive

#808000

OliveDrab

#6B8E23

Orange

#FFA500

OrangeRed

#FF4500

Orchid

#DA70D6

PaleGoldenRod

#EEE8AA

PaleGreen

#98FB98

PaleTurquoise

#AFEEEE

PaleVioletRed

#DB7093

PapayaWhip

#FFEFD5

PeachPuff

#FFDAB9

Peru

#CD853F

Pink

#FFC0CB

Plum

#DDA0DD

PowderBlue

#B0E0E6

Purple

#800080

RebeccaPurple

#663399

Red

#FF0000

RosyBrown

#BC8F8F

RoyalBlue

#4169E1

SaddleBrown

#8B4513

Salmon

#FA8072

SandyBrown

#F4A460

SeaGreen

#2E8B57

SeaShell

#FFF5EE

Sienna

#A0522D

Silver

#C0C0C0

SkyBlue

#87CEEB

SlateBlue

#6A5ACD

SlateGray

#708090

SlateGrey

#708090

Snow

#FFFAFA

SpringGreen

#00FF7F

SteelBlue

#4682B4

Tan

#D2B48C

Teal

#008080

Thistle

#D8BFD8

Tomato

#FF6347

Turquoise

#40E0D0

Violet

#EE82EE

Wheat

#F5DEB3

White

#FFFFFF

WhiteSmoke

#F5F5F5

Yellow

#FFFF00

YellowGreen

#9ACD32

 Sorted by HEX

Color Name

HEX

Colour

Black

#000000

Navy

#000080

DarkBlue

#00008B

MediumBlue

#0000CD

Blue

#0000FF

DarkGreen

#006400

Green

#008000

Teal

#008080

DarkCyan

#008B8B

DeepSkyBlue

#00BFFF

DarkTurquoise

#00CED1

MediumSpringGreen

#00FA9A

Lime

#00FF00

SpringGreen

#00FF7F

Aqua

#00FFFF

Cyan

#00FFFF

MidnightBlue

#191970

DodgerBlue

#1E90FF

LightSeaGreen

#20B2AA

ForestGreen

#228B22

SeaGreen

#2E8B57

DarkSlateGray

#2F4F4F

DarkSlateGrey

#2F4F4F

LimeGreen

#32CD32

MediumSeaGreen

#3CB371

Turquoise

#40E0D0

RoyalBlue

#4169E1

SteelBlue

#4682B4

DarkSlateBlue

#483D8B

MediumTurquoise

#48D1CC

Indigo

#4B0082

DarkOliveGreen

#556B2F

CadetBlue

#5F9EA0

CornflowerBlue

#6495ED

RebeccaPurple

#663399

MediumAquaMarine

#66CDAA

DimGray

#696969

DimGrey

#696969

SlateBlue

#6A5ACD

OliveDrab

#6B8E23

SlateGray

#708090

SlateGrey

#708090

LightSlateGray

#778899

LightSlateGrey

#778899

MediumSlateBlue

#7B68EE

LawnGreen

#7CFC00

Chartreuse

#7FFF00

Aquamarine

#7FFFD4

Maroon

#800000

Purple

#800080

Olive

#808000

Gray

#808080

Grey

#808080

SkyBlue

#87CEEB

LightSkyBlue

#87CEFA

BlueViolet

#8A2BE2

DarkRed

#8B0000

DarkMagenta

#8B008B

SaddleBrown

#8B4513

DarkSeaGreen

#8FBC8F

LightGreen

#90EE90

MediumPurple

#9370DB

DarkViolet

#9400D3

PaleGreen

#98FB98

DarkOrchid

#9932CC

YellowGreen

#9ACD32

Sienna

#A0522D

Brown

#A52A2A

DarkGray

#A9A9A9

DarkGrey

#A9A9A9

LightBlue

#ADD8E6

GreenYellow

#ADFF2F

PaleTurquoise

#AFEEEE

LightSteelBlue

#B0C4DE

PowderBlue

#B0E0E6

FireBrick

#B22222

DarkGoldenRod

#B8860B

MediumOrchid

#BA55D3

RosyBrown

#BC8F8F

DarkKhaki

#BDB76B

Silver

#C0C0C0

MediumVioletRed

#C71585

IndianRed

#CD5C5C

Peru

#CD853F

Chocolate

#D2691E

Tan

#D2B48C

LightGray

#D3D3D3

LightGrey

#D3D3D3

Thistle

#D8BFD8

Orchid

#DA70D6

GoldenRod

#DAA520

PaleVioletRed

#DB7093

Crimson

#DC143C

Gainsboro

#DCDCDC

Plum

#DDA0DD

BurlyWood

#DEB887

LightCyan

#E0FFFF

Lavender

#E6E6FA

DarkSalmon

#E9967A

Violet

#EE82EE

PaleGoldenRod

#EEE8AA

LightCoral

#F08080

Khaki

#F0E68C

AliceBlue

#F0F8FF

HoneyDew

#F0FFF0

Azure

#F0FFFF

SandyBrown

#F4A460

Wheat

#F5DEB3

Beige

#F5F5DC

WhiteSmoke

#F5F5F5

MintCream

#F5FFFA

GhostWhite

#F8F8FF

Salmon

#FA8072

AntiqueWhite

#FAEBD7

Linen

#FAF0E6

LightGoldenRodYellow

#FAFAD2

OldLace

#FDF5E6

Red

#FF0000

Fuchsia

#FF00FF

Magenta

#FF00FF

DeepPink

#FF1493

OrangeRed

#FF4500

Tomato

#FF6347

HotPink

#FF69B4

Coral

#FF7F50

DarkOrange

#FF8C00

LightSalmon

#FFA07A

Orange

#FFA500

LightPink

#FFB6C1

Pink

#FFC0CB

Gold

#FFD700

PeachPuff

#FFDAB9

NavajoWhite

#FFDEAD

Moccasin

#FFE4B5

Bisque

#FFE4C4

MistyRose

#FFE4E1

BlanchedAlmond

#FFEBCD

PapayaWhip

#FFEFD5

LavenderBlush

#FFF0F5

SeaShell

#FFF5EE

Cornsilk

#FFF8DC

LemonChiffon

#FFFACD

FloralWhite

#FFFAF0

Snow

#FFFAFA

Yellow

#FFFF00

LightYellow

#FFFFE0

Ivory

#FFFFF0

White

#FFFFFF

Color Names Sorted by Color Groups

All modern browsers support the following 140 color names (click on a color
name, or a hex value, to view the color as the background-color along with different
text colors):

Color Name

HEX

Color

Pink

#FFC0CB

LightPink

#FFB6C1

HotPink

#FF69B4

DeepPink

#FF1493

PaleVioletRed

#DB7093

MediumVioletRed

#C71585

Color Name

HEX

Color

Lavender

#E6E6FA

Thistle

#D8BFD8

Plum

#DDA0DD

Orchid

#DA70D6

Violet

#EE82EE

Fuchsia

#FF00FF

Magenta

#FF00FF

MediumOrchid

#BA55D3

DarkOrchid

#9932CC

DarkViolet

#9400D3

BlueViolet

#8A2BE2

DarkMagenta

#8B008B

Purple

#800080

MediumPurple

#9370DB

MediumSlateBlue

#7B68EE

SlateBlue

#6A5ACD

DarkSlateBlue

#483D8B

RebeccaPurple

#663399

Indigo

#4B0082

Color Name

HEX

Color

LightSalmon

#FFA07A

Salmon

#FA8072

DarkSalmon

#E9967A

LightCoral

#F08080

IndianRed

#CD5C5C

Crimson

#DC143C

Red

#FF0000

FireBrick

#B22222

DarkRed

#8B0000

Color Name

HEX

Color

Orange

#FFA500

DarkOrange

#FF8C00

Coral

#FF7F50

Tomato

#FF6347

OrangeRed

#FF4500

Color Name

HEX

Color

Gold

#FFD700

Yellow

#FFFF00

LightYellow

#FFFFE0

LemonChiffon

#FFFACD

LightGoldenRodYellow

#FAFAD2

PapayaWhip

#FFEFD5

Moccasin

#FFE4B5

PeachPuff

#FFDAB9

PaleGoldenRod

#EEE8AA

Khaki

#F0E68C

DarkKhaki

#BDB76B

Color Name

HEX

Color

GreenYellow

#ADFF2F

Chartreuse

#7FFF00

LawnGreen

#7CFC00

Lime

#00FF00

LimeGreen

#32CD32

PaleGreen

#98FB98

LightGreen

#90EE90

MediumSpringGreen

#00FA9A

SpringGreen

#00FF7F

MediumSeaGreen

#3CB371

SeaGreen

#2E8B57

ForestGreen

#228B22

Green

#008000

DarkGreen

#006400

YellowGreen

#9ACD32

OliveDrab

#6B8E23

DarkOliveGreen

#556B2F

MediumAquaMarine

#66CDAA

DarkSeaGreen

#8FBC8F

LightSeaGreen

#20B2AA

DarkCyan

#008B8B

Teal

#008080

Color Name

HEX

Color

Aqua

#00FFFF

Cyan

#00FFFF

LightCyan

#E0FFFF

PaleTurquoise

#AFEEEE

Aquamarine

#7FFFD4

Turquoise

#40E0D0

MediumTurquoise

#48D1CC

DarkTurquoise

#00CED1

Color Name

HEX

Color

CadetBlue

#5F9EA0

SteelBlue

#4682B4

LightSteelBlue

#B0C4DE

LightBlue

#ADD8E6

PowderBlue

#B0E0E6

LightSkyBlue

#87CEFA

SkyBlue

#87CEEB

CornflowerBlue

#6495ED

DeepSkyBlue

#00BFFF

DodgerBlue

#1E90FF

RoyalBlue

#4169E1

Blue

#0000FF

MediumBlue

#0000CD

DarkBlue

#00008B

Navy

#000080

MidnightBlue

#191970

Color Name

HEX

Color

Cornsilk

#FFF8DC

BlanchedAlmond

#FFEBCD

Bisque

#FFE4C4

NavajoWhite

#FFDEAD

Wheat

#F5DEB3

BurlyWood

#DEB887

Tan

#D2B48C

RosyBrown

#BC8F8F

SandyBrown

#F4A460

GoldenRod

#DAA520

DarkGoldenRod

#B8860B

Peru

#CD853F

Chocolate

#D2691E

Olive

#808000

SaddleBrown

#8B4513

Sienna

#A0522D

Brown

#A52A2A

Maroon

#800000

Color Name

HEX

Color

White

#FFFFFF

Snow

#FFFAFA

HoneyDew

#F0FFF0

MintCream

#F5FFFA

Azure

#F0FFFF

AliceBlue

#F0F8FF

GhostWhite

#F8F8FF

WhiteSmoke

#F5F5F5

SeaShell

#FFF5EE

Beige

#F5F5DC

OldLace

#FDF5E6

FloralWhite

#FFFAF0

Ivory

#FFFFF0

AntiqueWhite

#FAEBD7

Linen

#FAF0E6

LavenderBlush

#FFF0F5

MistyRose

#FFE4E1

Color Name

HEX

Color

Gainsboro

#DCDCDC

LightGray

#D3D3D3

Silver

#C0C0C0

DarkGray

#A9A9A9

DimGray

#696969

Gray

#808080

LightSlateGray

#778899

SlateGray

#708090

DarkSlateGray

#2F4F4F

Black

#000000

Shades of Gray

Gray colors are displayed using an equal amount of power to all of the light sources. To make it easy for you to select a gray color we have compiled a table of gray shades for you:

Gray Shades

HEX

RGB

HTML Black

#000000

rgb(0,0,0)

#080808

rgb(8,8,8)

#101010

rgb(16,16,16)

#181818

rgb(24,24,24)

#202020

rgb(32,32,32)

#282828

rgb(40,40,40)

#303030

rgb(48,48,48)

#383838

rgb(56,56,56)

#404040

rgb(64,64,64)

#484848

rgb(72,72,72)

#505050

rgb(80,80,80)

#585858

rgb(88,88,88)

#606060

rgb(96,96,96)

#686868

rgb(104,104,104)

#696969

rgb(105,105,105)

#707070

rgb(112,112,112)

#787878

rgb(120,120,120)

HTML Gray

#808080

rgb(128,128,128)

#888888

rgb(136,136,136)

#909090

rgb(144,144,144)

#989898

rgb(152,152,152)

#A0A0A0

rgb(160,160,160)

#A8A8A8

rgb(168,168,168)

HTML DarkGray !!!

#A9A9A9

rgb(169,169,169)

#B0B0B0

rgb(176,176,176)

#B8B8B8

rgb(184,184,184)

X11 Gray

#BEBEBE

rgb(190,190,190)

HTML Silver

#C0C0C0

rgb(192,192,192)

#C8C8C8

rgb(200,200,200)

#D0D0D0

rgb(208,208,208)

HTML LightGray

#D3D3D3

rgb(211,211,211)

#D8D8D8

rgb(216,216,216)

HTML Gainsboro

#DCDCDC

rgb(220,220,220)

#E0E0E0

rgb(224,224,224)

#E8E8E8

rgb(232,232,232)

#F0F0F0

rgb(240,240,240)

HTML WhiteSmoke

#F5F5F5

rgb(245,245,245)

#F8F8F8

rgb(248,248,248)

HTML White

#FFFFFF

rgb(255,255,255)

An anomaly in the table above is that HTML Gray is darker than DarkGray. The color names of HTML / CSS was inherited from the X11 standard. HTML /CSS defined gray at the midpoint of the 8-bit gray scale (128,128,128). X11 defined gray to be (190,190,190); which is closer to HTML silver.

Gray / Grey Web Colors

There are several gray color names in HTML / CSS. All gray colors are spelled as gray (not grey). This spelling was inherited from the X11 standard. All modern browsers accept both gray and grey, but early versions of Internet Explorer did not recognize grey.

Shades of Red

If you look at the color table below, you will see the result of varying the red light from 0 to 255, while keeping the green and blue light at zero. Click on the hexadecimal values, if you want to analyze the color in our color picker.

Red Light

HEX

RGB

#000000

rgb(0,0,0)

#080000

rgb(8,0,0)

#100000

rgb(16,0,0)

#180000

rgb(24,0,0)

#200000

rgb(32,0,0)

#280000

rgb(40,0,0)

#300000

rgb(48,0,0)

#380000

rgb(56,0,0)

#400000

rgb(64,0,0)

#480000

rgb(72,0,0)

#500000

rgb(80,0,0)

#580000

rgb(88,0,0)

#600000

rgb(96,0,0)

#680000

rgb(104,0,0)

#700000

rgb(112,0,0)

#780000

rgb(120,0,0)

#800000

rgb(128,0,0)

#880000

rgb(136,0,0)

#900000

rgb(144,0,0)

#980000

rgb(152,0,0)

#A00000

rgb(160,0,0)

#A80000

rgb(168,0,0)

#B00000

rgb(176,0,0)

#B80000

rgb(184,0,0)

#C00000

rgb(192,0,0)

#C80000

rgb(200,0,0)

#D00000

rgb(208,0,0)

#D80000

rgb(216,0,0)

#E00000

rgb(224,0,0)

#E80000

rgb(232,0,0)

#F00000

rgb(240,0,0)

#F80000

rgb(248,0,0)

#FF0000

rgb(255,0,0)

16 Million Different Colors

The combination of Red, Green and Blue values from 0 to 255 gives a total of more than 16 million different colors to play with (256 x 256 x 256). Most modern monitors are capable of displaying at least 16384 different colors.

Web Safe Colors?

Many years ago, when computers supported maximum 256 different colors, alist of 216 “Web Safe Colors” was suggested as a Web standard (reserving 40 fixed system colors). This is not important now, since most computers can display millions ofdifferent colors. This 216 hex values cross-browser color palette was created to ensure that all computers would display the colors correctly when running a 256 color palette:

000000

000033

000066

000099

0000CC

0000FF

003300

003333

003366

003399

0033CC

0033FF

006600

006633

006666

006699

0066CC

0066FF

009900

009933

009966

009999

0099CC

0099FF

00CC00

00CC33

00CC66

00CC99

00CCCC

00CCFF

00FF00

00FF33

00FF66

00FF99

00FFCC

00FFFF

330000

330033

330066

330099

3300CC

3300FF

333300

333333

333366

333399

3333CC

3333FF

336600

336633

336666

336699

3366CC

3366FF

339900

339933

339966

339999

3399CC

3399FF

33CC00

33CC33

33CC66

33CC99

33CCCC

33CCFF

33FF00

33FF33

33FF66

33FF99

33FFCC

33FFFF

660000

660033

660066

660099

6600CC

6600FF

663300

663333

663366

663399

6633CC

6633FF

666600

666633

666666

666699

6666CC

6666FF

669900

669933

669966

669999

6699CC

6699FF

66CC00

66CC33

66CC66

66CC99

66CCCC

66CCFF

66FF00

66FF33

66FF66

66FF99

66FFCC

66FFFF

990000

990033

990066

990099

9900CC

9900FF

993300

993333

993366

993399

9933CC

9933FF

996600

996633

996666

996699

9966CC

9966FF

999900

999933

999966

999999

9999CC

9999FF

99CC00

99CC33

99CC66

99CC99

99CCCC

99CCFF

99FF00

99FF33

99FF66

99FF99

99FFCC

99FFFF

CC0000

CC0033

CC0066

CC0099

CC00CC

CC00FF

CC3300

CC3333

CC3366

CC3399

CC33CC

CC33FF

CC6600

CC6633

CC6666

CC6699

CC66CC

CC66FF

CC9900

CC9933

CC9966

CC9999

CC99CC

CC99FF

CCCC00

CCCC33

CCCC66

CCCC99

CCCCCC

CCCCFF

CCFF00

CCFF33

CCFF66

CCFF99

CCFFCC

CCFFFF

FF0000

FF0033

FF0066

FF0099

FF00CC

FF00FF

FF3300

FF3333

FF3366

FF3399

FF33CC

FF33FF

FF6600

FF6633

FF6666

FF6699

FF66CC

FF66FF

FF9900

FF9933

FF9966

FF9999

FF99CC

FF99FF

FFCC00

FFCC33

FFCC66

FFCC99

FFCCCC

FFCCFF

FFFF00

FFFF33

FFFF66

FFFF99

FFFFCC

FFFFFF

HSL Colors

HSL color values are supported in IE9+, Firefox, Chrome, Safari, and in Opera 10+. HSL stands for hue, saturation, and lightness. HSL color values are specified with: hsl(hue, saturation, lightness).

Hue

Hue is a degree on the color wheel from 0 to 360. 0 is red, 120 is green, 240 is blue. Hue is just another word for color.

Saturation

Saturation is a percentage value; 0% means a shade of gray and 100% is the full color. aturation is about intensity. Highly saturated colors are bright. Desaturated colors have less pigment.

Lightness

Lightness is also a percentage; 0% is black, 100% is white.

Color Value (Lightness / Darkness)

Color value is a term for how light or dark dark a color is (from white to black)

 

HWB

(Hue, Whiteness, Blackness) is a suggested standard for CSS4. HWB is not supported in HTML (yet), but it is suggested as a new standard in CSS4.

CMYK Colors

CMYK colors is a combination of CYAN, MAGENTA, YELLOW , and BLACK. Computer screens display colors using RGB color values. Printers often presents colors using CMYK color values. CMYK is not supported in HTML, but it is suggested as a new standard in CSS4.

 

Hue

hue 

Hex

Rgb

Hsl

0 

#ff0000

rgb(255,
0, 0)

hsl(0, 100%,
50%)

15 

#ff4000

rgb(255,
64, 0)

hsl(15,
100%, 50%)

30 

#ff8000

rgb(255,
128, 0)

hsl(30,
100%, 50%)

45 

#ffbf00

rgb(255,
191, 0)

hsl(45,
100%, 50%)

60 

#ffff00

rgb(255,
255, 0)

hsl(60,
100%, 50%)

75 

#bfff00

rgb(191,
255, 0)

hsl(75,
100%, 50%)

90 

#80ff00

rgb(128,
255, 0)

hsl(90,
100%, 50%)

105 

#40ff00

rgb(64,
255, 0)

hsl(105,
100%, 50%)

120 

#00ff00

rgb(0,
255, 0)

hsl(120,
100%, 50%)

135 

#00ff40

rgb(0,
255, 64)

hsl(135,
100%, 50%)

150 

#00ff80

rgb(0,
255, 128)

hsl(150,
100%, 50%)

165 

#00ffbf

rgb(0,
255, 191)

hsl(165,
100%, 50%)

180 

#00ffff

rgb(0,
255, 255)

hsl(180,
100%, 50%)

195 

#00bfff

rgb(0,
191, 255)

hsl(195,
100%, 50%)

210 

#0080ff

rgb(0,
128, 255)

hsl(210,
100%, 50%)

225 

#0040ff

rgb(0,
64, 255)

hsl(225,
100%, 50%)

240 

#0000ff

rgb(0,
0, 255)

hsl(240,
100%, 50%)

255 

#4000ff

rgb(64,
0, 255)

hsl(255,
100%, 50%)

270 

#8000ff

rgb(128,
0, 255)

hsl(270,
100%, 50%)

285 

#bf00ff

rgb(191,
0, 255)

hsl(285,
100%, 50%)

300 

#ff00ff

rgb(255,
0, 255)

hsl(300,
100%, 50%)

315 

#ff00bf

rgb(255,
0, 191)

hsl(315,
100%, 50%)

330 

#ff0080

rgb(255,
0, 128)

hsl(330,
100%, 50%)

345 

#ff0040

rgb(255,
0, 64)

hsl(345,
100%, 50%)

360 

#ff0000

rgb(255,
0, 0)

hsl(0,
100%, 50%)

Saturation

sat 

Hex

Rgb

Hsl

100% 

#ff0000

rgb(255,
0, 0)

hsl(0,
100%, 50%)

95% 

#f90606

rgb(249,
6, 6)

hsl(0,
95%, 50%)

90% 

#f20d0d

rgb(242,
13, 13)

hsl(0,
90%, 50%)

85% 

#ec1313

rgb(236,
19, 19)

hsl(0,
85%, 50%)

80% 

#e61919

rgb(230,
25, 25)

hsl(0,
80%, 50%)

75% 

#df2020

rgb(223,
32, 32)

hsl(0,
75%, 50%)

70% 

#d92626

rgb(217,
38, 38)

hsl(0,
70%, 50%)

65% 

#d22d2d

rgb(210,
45, 45)

hsl(0,
65%, 50%)

60% 

#cc3333

rgb(204,
51, 51)

hsl(0,
60%, 50%)

55% 

#c63939

rgb(198,
57, 57)

hsl(0,
55%, 50%)

50% 

#bf4040

rgb(191,
64, 64)

hsl(0,
50%, 50%)

45% 

#b94646

rgb(185,
70, 70)

hsl(0,
45%, 50%)

40% 

#b34d4d

rgb(179,
77, 77)

hsl(0,
40%, 50%)

35% 

#ac5353

rgb(172,
83, 83)

hsl(0,
35%, 50%)

30% 

#a65959

rgb(166,
89, 89)

hsl(0,
30%, 50%)

25% 

#9f6060

rgb(159,
96, 96)

hsl(0,
25%, 50%)

20% 

#996666

rgb(153,
102, 102)

hsl(0,
20%, 50%)

15% 

#936c6c

rgb(147,
108, 108)

hsl(0,
15%, 50%)

10% 

#8c7373

rgb(140,
115, 115)

hsl(0,
10%, 50%)

5% 

#867979

rgb(134,
121, 121)

hsl(0,
5%, 50%)

0% 

#808080

rgb(128,
128, 128)

hsl(0,
0%, 50%)

Lightness

light 

Hex

Rgb

Hsl

100% 

#ffffff

rgb(255,
255, 255)

hsl(0,
100%, 100%)

95% 

#ffe6e6

rgb(255,
230, 230)

hsl(0,
100%, 95%)

90% 

#ffcccc

rgb(255,
204, 204)

hsl(0,
100%, 90%)

85% 

#ffb3b3

rgb(255,
179, 179)

hsl(0,
100%, 85%)

80% 

#ff9999

rgb(255,
153, 153)

hsl(0,
100%, 80%)

75% 

#ff8080

rgb(255,
128, 128)

hsl(0,
100%, 75%)

70% 

#ff6666

rgb(255,
102, 102)

hsl(0,
100%, 70%)

65% 

#ff4d4d

rgb(255,
77, 77)

hsl(0,
100%, 65%)

60% 

#ff3333

rgb(255,
51, 51)

hsl(0,
100%, 60%)

55% 

#ff1a1a

rgb(255,
26, 26)

hsl(0,
100%, 55%)

50% 

#ff0000

rgb(255,
0, 0)

hsl(0,
100%, 50%)

45% 

#e60000

rgb(230,
0, 0)

hsl(0,
100%, 45%)

40% 

#cc0000

rgb(204,
0, 0)

hsl(0,
100%, 40%)

35% 

#b30000

rgb(179,
0, 0)

hsl(0,
100%, 35%)

30% 

#990000

rgb(153,
0, 0)

hsl(0,
100%, 30%)

25% 

#800000

rgb(128,
0, 0)

hsl(0,
100%, 25%)

20% 

#660000

rgb(102,
0, 0)

hsl(0,
100%, 20%)

15% 

#4d0000

rgb(77,
0, 0)

hsl(0,
100%, 15%)

10% 

#330000

rgb(51,
0, 0)

hsl(0,
100%, 10%)

5% 

#1a0000

rgb(26, 0,
0)

hsl(0,
100%, 5%)

0% 

#000000

rgb(0,
0, 0)

hsl(0,
100%, 0%)

 

Natural Colors (NCol)

Natural colors (NCol) is an initiative from W3Schools. The system is designed to make it easier to select HTML colors. NCol specifies colors using a color letter with a number to specify the distance (in percent) from the color. R30 means 30% away from Red , moving towards Yellow. (In other words: Red with 30% Yellow)

Letter

Color

Hues

R

Red

R

R25

R50

R75

Y

Yellow

Y

Y25

Y50

Y75

G

Green

G

G25

G50

G75

C

Cyan

C

C25

C50

C75

B

Blue

B

B25

B50

B75

M

Magenta

M

M25

M50

M75

 

 

R

Y

G

C

B

M

 

Color and distance can also be given in hues (0-360):

R = 000

Y = 060

G = 120

C = 180

B = 240

M = 300

Colour Theory

We will cover 3 different color systems:

  • The color system used when producing colors by light (RGB)
  • The color system used when printing (CMY)
  • The color system used by artist and painters (RYB)

Printing actually uses a four ink color system. CMYK: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Key (black).

Primary Colors

Primary colors are the main colors in a given color system. Primary colors can not be produced by mixing other colors a color system. The primary colors for light are Red, Green, and Blue:

RGB

Red

Green

Blue

The primary colors for print are Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow:

CMY

Cyan

Magenta

Yellow

The primary colors for paint are Red, Yellow, and Blue:

RYB

Red

Yellow

Blue

Secondary Colors

Secondary colors are made by mixing two primary colors in a color system There are 3 secondary colors in the color systems described here.

Mixing Light (RGB)

Secondary colors are Yellow, Cyan Magenta.

Red

+

Green

=

Yellow

Green

+

Blue

=

Cyan

Blue

+

Red

=

Magenta

Mixing Ink (CMY)

Secondary colors are Blue, Red, Green.

Cyan

+

Magenta

=

Blue

Magenta

+

Yellow

=

Red

Yellow

+

Cyan

=

Green

Note that mixing the primary colors of CMY produces the primary colors of
light (RGB)

Mixing Paint (RYB)

Secondary colors are Orange, Green, Violet.

Red

+

Yellow

=

Orange

Yellow

+

Blue

=

Green

Blue

+

Red

=

Purple

Tertiary Colors

Tertiary colors are made by mixing one primary and one
secondary color in a color system.

There are six named tertiary colors in RYB:

  • Red-Orange
  • Yellow-Orange
  • Yellow-Green
  • Blue-Green
  • Blue-Purple
  • Red-Purple

Tertiary

Color Wheels

A color wheel is an illustrative organization of colors around a circle,
showing the relationships between primary colors, secondary colors, and
tertiary colors.

Color Wheel

Three Important Color Wheels

How many ways can you rearrange the rainbow?

RGB

Color SchemeRed, Green, Blue

CMY

Color SchemeCyan, Magenta, Yellow

RYB

Color SchemeRed, Yellow, Blue

 

The RGB Color Wheel

Color Scheme

The RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color wheel represents the 3 light sources used to produce colors on a TV or computer screen.

Primary colors are Red, Green, and Blue.

Secondary colors are created by mixing primary colors:

Red and Green= Yellow
Green and Blue = Cyan
Blue and Red = Magenta

The RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color wheel represents the 3 light sources used to produce colors on a TV or computer screen.

Primary colors are Red, Green, and Blue.

Secondary colors are created by mixing primary colors:

Red and Green= Yellow
Green and Blue = Cyan
Blue and Red = Magenta

The 12 Main Colors of RGB

RED
#FF0000
(255,0,0)

#FF8000
(255,128,0)

YELLOW
#FFFF00
(255,255,0)

#80FF00
(128,255,0)

GREEN
#00FF00
(0,255,0)

#00FF80
(0,255,128)

CYAN
#00FFFF
(0,255,255)


#0080FF
(0,128,255)

BLUE
#0000FF
(0,0,255)


#8000FF
(128,0,255)

MAGENTA
#FF00FF
(255,0,255)


#FF0080
(255,0,128)

RGB Green is different from the HTML color named
Green.

RGB Green is different
from the HTML color named Green.

The CMY(K) Color Wheel

Color Scheme

The CMY(K) (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow) represent the colors used to print on paper.

The primary colors are Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow.

Secondary colors are created by mixing primary colors:

Cyan and Magenta = Blue
Magenta and Yellow = Red
Yellow and Cyan = Green.

The 12 Main Colors of CYM:

CYAN
#00FFFF
(0,255,255)


#0080FF
(0,128,255)

BLUE
#0000FF
(0,0,255)


#8000FF
(128,0,255)

MAGENTA
#FF00FF
(255,0,255)


#FF0080
(255,0,128)

RED
#FF0000
(255,0,0)

#FF8000
(255,128,0)

YELLOW
#FFFF00
(255,255,0)

#80FF00
(128,255,0)

GREEN
#00FF00
(0,255,0)

#00FF80
(0,255,128)

 

The RYB Color Wheel

Color Scheme

The RYB (Red, Yellow, Blue) color wheel is used by painters, artists and designers for blending pigment colors.

The 3 primary colors are Red, Yellow, and Blue.

Secondary colors are created by mixing primary colors.

The 3 secondary colors are Orange, Green, and Purple.

Red and Yellow = Orange
Yellow and Blue = Green
Blue and Red = Purple.

The tertiary colors are made by mixing two secondary colors.

The 6 tertiary colors are Red-Orange, Yellow-Orange, Yellow-Green, Blue-Green, Blue-Purple, Red-Purple

The 12 Main Colors of RYB:

RED
#FE2712

R-O
#FC600A

ORANGE
#FB9902

Y-O
#FCCC1A

YELLOW
#FEFE33

Y-G
#B2D732

GREEN
#66B032

B-G
#347C98

BLUE
#0247FE

B-P
#4424D6

PURPLE
#8601AF

R-P
#C21460

RYB is the best color wheel to identify the colors that go well together. The RYB wheel can be used to create pleasing color schemes for the web.

Color Palettes

2018 Palettes

HEX: #a2b9bc

HEX: #b2ad7f

HEX: #878f99

HEX: #6b5b95

HEX: #6b5b95

HEX: #feb236

HEX: #d64161

HEX: #ff7b25

2017 Palettes

HEX: #d6cbd3

HEX: #eca1a6

HEX: #bdcebe

HEX: #ada397

HEX: #d5e1df

HEX: #e3eaa7

HEX: #b5e7a0

HEX: #86af49

HEX: #b9936c

HEX: #dac292

HEX: #e6e2d3

HEX: #c4b7a6

HEX: #3e4444

HEX: #82b74b

HEX: #405d27

HEX: #c1946a

2016 Palettes

HEX: #92a8d1

HEX: #034f84

HEX: #f7cac9

HEX: #f7786b

HEX: #deeaee

HEX: #b1cbbb

HEX: #eea29a

HEX: #c94c4c

HEX: #d5f4e6

HEX: #80ced6

HEX: #fefbd8

HEX: #618685

HEX: #ffef96

HEX: #50394c

HEX: #b2b2b2

HEX: #f4e1d2

HEX: #fefbd8

HEX: #618685

HEX: #36486b

HEX: #4040a1

HEX: #b2b2b2

HEX: #f4e1d2

HEX: #f18973

HEX: #bc5a45

2015 Palettes

HEX: #f0f0f0

HEX: #c5d5c5

HEX: #9fa9a3

HEX: #e3e0cc

HEX: #eaece5

HEX: #b2c2bf

HEX: #c0ded9

HEX: #3b3a30

HEX: #e4d1d1

HEX: #b9b0b0

HEX: #d9ecd0

HEX: #77a8a8

HEX: #f0efef

HEX: #ddeedd

HEX: #c2d4dd

HEX: #b0aac0

Rustic Palettes

HEX: #c8c3cc

HEX: #563f46

HEX: #8ca3a3

HEX: #484f4f

HEX: #e0e2e4

HEX: #c6bcb6

HEX: #96897f

HEX: #625750

HEX: #7e4a35

HEX: #cab577

HEX: #dbceb0

HEX: #838060

HEX: #bbab9b

HEX: #8b6f47

HEX: #d4ac6e

HEX: #4f3222

HEX: #686256

HEX: #c1502e

HEX: #587e76

HEX: #a96e5b

HEX: #454140

HEX: #bd5734

HEX: #a79e84

HEX: #7a3b2e

Sky Palettes

HEX: #bccad6

HEX: #8d9db6

HEX: #667292

HEX: #f1e3dd

HEX: #cfe0e8

HEX: #b7d7e8

HEX: #87bdd8

HEX: #daebe8

Sand Palettes

HEX: #fbefcc

HEX: #f9ccac

HEX: #f4a688

HEX: #e0876a

HEX: #fff2df

HEX: #d9ad7c

HEX: #a2836e

HEX: #674d3c

Flower Palettes

HEX: #f9d5e5

HEX: #eeac99

HEX: #e06377

HEX: #c83349

HEX: #5b9aa0

HEX: #d6d4e0

HEX: #b8a9c9

HEX: #622569

Beach Palettes

HEX: #96ceb4

HEX: #ffeead

HEX: #ffcc5c

HEX: #ff6f69

HEX: #588c7e

HEX: #f2e394

HEX: #f2ae72

HEX: #d96459

 

Color Brands

The hex values below are approximate values intended to simulate
branded colors.

Google

Google

HEX: #4285F4

HEX: #FBBC05

HEX: #34A853

HEX: #EA4335

Twitter

Twitter

HEX: #55ACEE

HEX: #292F33

HEX: #66757F

HEX: #CCD6DD

HEX: #E1E8ED

HEX: #FFFFFF

Facebook

Facebook

HEX: #3B5998

HEX: #8B9DC3

HEX: #DFE3EE

HEX: #F7F7F7

HEX: #FFFFFF

Microsoft

Microsoft

HEX: #F65314

HEX: #7CBB00

HEX: #00A1F1

HEX: #FFBB00

Intel

HEX: #0F7DC2

Instagram

HEX: #3F729B

IBM

HEX: #006699

Yahoo!

HEX: #7B0099

Amazon

HEX: #FF9900

HEX: #146EB4

Netflix

HEX: #221F1F

HEX: #E50914

HEX: #F5F5F1

Coca-Cola

HEX: #ED1C16

Pepsi

HEX: #E32934

HEX: #004883

IKEA

HEX: #FFCC00

HEX: #003399

Android

HEX: #A4C639


Source: https://www.w3schools.com/colors/

 

Total Commander Shortcuts

Intro

Total Commander is a file manager for Windows, a program like Windows Explorer to copy, move or delete files. However, Total Commander can do much more than Explorer, e.g. pack and unpack files, access ftp servers, compare files by content, etc!
It was known as Windows Commander and in 2002 there was a name change – the new name is “Total Commander”.
See the latest version at https://www.ghisler.com/
Total Commander is very configurable, and you should take advantage of this. Go through the entire Configuration dialog, and set it up the way you like it. If you don’t understand what an option does, consult the manual. This may take you 15 minutes, but the program will work the way you want it afterwards. Some suggestions follow.

GUI vs CommandLine interface

Limiting yourself to classic GUI interface is not wise. Command line interface , especially in mixed form when elements of the GUI can be used to help to form a command and provide feedback is powerful and available tools that should not be abandoned just because it is out of fashion. But the opposite danger also exists. In a way extremes meet: It is equally unwise to completely ignore GUI interface (and mouse as a very useful, excellent tool) like some Unix sysadmin prefer. There are situations when using GUI is much more productive.
And GUI interface itself should never be associated only with classic Windows-style interface. Other forms including hybrid are also possible. In this sense dominance of windows and Microsoft Office shut out all alternatives.
But, nevertheless, they do exist. (Read more at http://www.softpanorama.org/OFM/gui_vs_command_line.shtml)

Efficient Use

When using Total Commander, always remember that the keyboard is quicker than the mouse. At first, you may need to have the function key buttons in view to remember what each key does. Later on, however, you may realize that you don’t need them, and hide them to save screen space.
When moving around the directories, use the arrow keys. You can move left and right as well as up and down. To switch to the “Brief” view, press Ctrl+F1. You may also use the Home/End/PageUp/PageDown navigation keys. The selection of files is done by either holding down shift while moving around, or pressing the spacebar when a cursor is over the file you want to select. When using the spacebar method on directories, the space they occupy will be shown in the status bar. You may also select large groups of files with the right mouse button.
Total Commander also supports browser-like back/forward navigation. The same shortcut keys – Alt+Left for back and Alt+Right for forward – apply here. You can also use the mouse with the toolbar buttons. Backspace will take you one directory level up.
Be sure to make use of the internal zip packer and unpacker. Press Alt+F5 to pack a group of files, and Alt+F9 to unpack them. You may also navigate inside of archives, including nested archives. Just select one and press Enter like always. This also works for other archives, such as RAR, ACE, CAB, and the self-extracting versions of these (Press Ctrl+PageDown to navigate inside of a self-extracting archive.)
If you need to do something via the menus, try to remember the shortcut key next time. If the menu item doesn’t have a shortcut key, you can map one to your liking. Go to the Configuration dialog, and open the Misc tab. On the bottom, you’ll see the Redefine hotkeys area. If you don’t, you’re probably using an older version – the feature was introduced in version 4.02. Remapping the keys may seem a bit awkward at first. You must first choose the key combination by checking the Control, Alt, and/or Shift buttons and choosing the key that goes with them from the selection box. Then, select the command you wish to map the key to. Finally, click the checkbox button to make the key binding take effect.
Selecting files is very easy. Just right-click a file to select it. Right-click again to deselect. You can also drag the right mouse button to select groups of files. Selection with the keyboard is very versatile. Here’s a short list of shortcuts you should be familiar with (I only listed the most useful ones).

Moving Files with Rename

KeystrokeFunction
SpacebarSelect or deselect the file at the cursor.
+/- (number pad)Select/deselect files using a mask you specify.
Ctrl +/-Select/deselect all files.
Alt +/-Select/deselect all files with the same extension.
*Reverse selection.

Defining Colors for Different File Types

You can make file browsing a lot easier by using the Define colors by file type option. This is very useful if you often work with a particular kind of file. To use this feature, go to the Options dialog (Configuration | Options) and then switch to the Color tab. Click the Define colors by file type button; You’ll have to check the checkbox next to it if it isn’t already checked. Besides defining colors by a file’s name, you can also define colors by the file’s attributes, size, or other options. For example, you could define the colors so that files larger than a certain size are easily visible, or so that executable files are a different color. It’s a good idea to make directories a different color, especially if you aren’t using symbols (icons) so that they stand out in a directory listing. The possibilities are endless!

Using the Multi-Rename Tool

Learn how to use the Multi-Rename Tool, a new feature in Total Commander 4.50 and above. It can be very useful if you need to rename a large amount of files using the same rule. Select all the files you want to rename, and then press Ctrl+M. If you need help, press F1 for detailed documentation.

Copying a File’s Name

To quickly copy a file’s name, press Shift+F6 and then Ctrl+C or Shift+Ins to copy its name. Press Escape to cancel the rename process.

Displaying All Files in a Directory Tree

Total Commander 4.52 also includes a great command to view all files in a subdirectory. This is useful in many different situations, such as renaming a group of files that are distributed among a tree of directories. To use this feature, just press Ctrl+B. If you don’t have version 4.52, you can duplicate this feature with the following steps:

  1. Open the Find Files dialog by pressing Alt+F7.
  2. Leave the Search for field blank, and press the Start search button (or just press Enter).
  3. Press Feed to listbox (Alt+L).

This feature can also be used in conjunction with the Multi-Rename Tool. Be careful when using it, though, as it can take a very long time to list all of the files in a big tree, such as the root directory of a drive.

Shortcuts

Generic

F1Help
F2Reread source window
F3List files
F4Edit files
F5Copy files
F6Rename or move files
F7Create directory
F8Delete files to recycle bin /delete directly – according to configuration (or Delete)
F9Activate menu above source window (left or right)
F10Activate left menu or deactivate menu
Alt+F1change left drive
Alt+F2change right drive
Alt+F3Use alternate (external or internal) viewer
Alt+Shift+F3Start Lister and load file with internal viewer (no plugins or multimedia)
Alt+F4Exit | Minimize (with option MinimizeOnClose in wincmd.ini)
Alt+F5Pack files
Alt+Shift+F5Move to archive
Alt+F6Unpack specified files from archive under cursor, or selected archives (use Alt+F9 on Windows 95)
Alt+F7Find
Alt+F8Opens the history list of the command line
Alt+F9Same as ALT+F6 (because ALT+F6 is broken on Windows 95)
Alt+Shift+F9Test archives
Alt+F10Opens a dialog box with the current directory tree
Alt+F11Opens left current directory bar (breadcrumb bar)
Alt+F12Opens right current directory bar (breadcrumb bar)
Alt+Shift+F11Focus the button bar to use it with the keyboard
Shift+F1Custom columns view menu
Shift+F2Compare file lists
Shift+F3List only file under cursor, when multiple files selected
Shift+F4Create new text file and load into editor
Shift+F5Copy files (with rename) in the same directory
Shift+Ctrl+F5Create shortcuts of the selected files
Shift+F6Rename files in the same directory
Shift+F8/DeleteDelete directly / delete to recycle bin – according to configuration
Shift+F10Show context menu
Shift+EscMinimizes Total Commander to an icon
Alt+Arrow left / Arrow rightGo to previous/next dir of already visited dirs
Alt+Arrow downOpen history list of already visited dirs (like the history list in a WWW browser)
Num +Expand selection (configurable: just files or files and folders)
Num –Shrink selection
Num *Invert selection (also with shift, see link)
Num /Restore selection
Shift+Num+[+]Like Num +, but files and folders if Num + selects just files (and vice versa)
Shift+Num+-Always removes the selection just from files (Num – from files and folders)
Shift+Num+*Like Num *, but files and folders if Num * inverts selection of just files (and vice versa)
Ctrl+Num +Select all (configurable: just files or files and folders)
Ctrl+Shift+Num +Select all (files and folders if CTRL+Num + selects only files)
Ctrl+Num –Deselect all (always files and folders)
Ctrl+Shift+Num –Deselect all (always files, no folders)
Alt+Num +Select all files with the same extension
Alt+Num –Remove selection from files with the same extension
Ctrl+Page upChange to parent directory (cd ..) , or Backspace
Ctrl+<Jump to the root directory (most European keyboards)
Ctrl+\Jump to the root directory (US keyboard)
Ctrl+Page downOpen directory/archive (also self extracting .EXE archives)
Ctrl+Arrow left / Arrow rightOpen directory/archive and display it in the target window. If the cursor is not on a directory name, or the other panel is active, then the current directory is displayed instead.
Ctrl+F1File display ‘brief’ (only file names)
Ctrl+Shift+F1Thumbnails view (preview pictures)
Ctrl+F2File display ‘full’ (all file details)
Ctrl+Shift+F2Comments view (new comments are created with Ctrl+Z)
Ctrl+F3Sort by name
Ctrl+F4Sort by extension
Ctrl+F5Sort by date/time
Ctrl+F6Sort by size
Ctrl+F7Unsorted
Ctrl+F8Display directory tree
Ctrl+Shift+F8Cycle through separate directory tree states: one tree, two trees, off
Ctrl+F9Print file under cursor using the associated program
Ctrl+F10Show all files
Ctrl+F11Show only programs
Ctrl+F12Show user defined files
TabSwitch between left and right file list
Shift+TabSwitch between current file list and separate tree (if enabled)
InsertSelect file or directory.
SpaceSelect file or directory (as INSERT). If SPACE is used on an unselected directory under the cursor, the contents in this directory are counted and the size is shown in the “full” view instead of the string . This can be disabled through ‘Configuration’ – ‘Options’ – ‘Operation’ – ‘Selection with Space’.
EnterChange directory / run program / run associated program / execute command line if not empty. If the source directory shows the contents of an archive, further information on the packed file is given.
Shift+Enter1. Runs command line / program under cursor with preceding command /c and leave the program’s window open. Only works if NOCLOSE.PIF is in your Windows directory! 2. With ZIP files: use alternative choice of these (as chosen in Packer config): (Treat archives like directories <-> call associated program, i.e. winzip or quinzip) 3. In the list of last used dirs (History, Ctrl+D), open the directory on a new Tab.
Alt+Shift+EnterThe contents of all directories in the current directory are counted. The sizes of the directories are then shown in the “full” view instead of the string . Abort by holding down ESC key.
Alt+EnterShow property sheet.
Ctrl+aSelect all
Ctrl+bDirectory branch: Show contents of current dir and all subdirs in one list
Ctrl+Shift+bSelected directory branch: Show selected files, and all in selected subdirs
Ctrl+cCopy files to clipboard
Ctrl+xCut files to clipboard
Ctrl+vPaste from clipboard to current dir.
Ctrl+dOpen directory hotlist (‘bookmarks’)
Ctrl+fConnect to FTP server
Ctrl+Shift+fDisconnect from FTP server
Ctrl+iSwitch to target directory
Ctrl+lCalculate occupied space (of the selected files)
Ctrl+mMulti-Rename-Tool
Ctrl+Shift+mChange FTP transfer mode
Ctrl+nNew FTP connection (enter URL or host address)
Ctrl+pCopy current path to command line
Ctrl+qQuick view panel instead of file window
Ctrl+rReread source directory
Ctrl+sOpen Quick Filter dialog and activate filter (deactivate with ESC or CTRL+F10)
Ctrl+Shift+sOpen Quick Filter dialog and reactivate last-used filter
Ctrl+tOpen new folder tab and activate it
Ctrl+Shift+tOpen new folder tab, but do not activate it
Ctrl+uExchange directories
Ctrl+Shift+uExchange directories and tabs
Ctrl+wClose currently active tab
Ctrl+Shift+wClose all open tabs
Ctrl+zEdit file comment
Ctrl+Arrow upOpen dir under cursor in new tab
Ctrl+Shift+Arrow UpOpen dir under cursor in other window (new tab)
Ctrl+Tab/Ctrl+Shift+TabJump to next tab / jump to previous tab
Ctrl+Alt+LetterQuick search for a file name (starting with specified letters) in the current directory (Support hotkeys Ctrl+X, Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V and Ctrl+A; use Ctrl+S for search filter on/off)

FTP

Ctrl+FConnect to FTP Server
Ctrl+SHIFT+FDisconnect current FTP connection
Ctrl+NNew FTP connection

Selections

Insert­/SpaceSelect current file/f­older
Num *Invert selection
Num /Restore selection
Ctrl+ASelect all
Ctrl+lCalculate occupied space of selecte files
Ctrl+Num –Deselect all
Alt+Num+Select all files with extension
Alt+Num-Deselect all files with extension

Moving around

Alt+F1Change left drive
Alt+F2Change right drive
Alt+Arrow DownOpen list of visited direct­ories
Alt+Arrow LeftJump to previous directory
Alt+Arrow RightJump to next directory
Ctrl+<Jump to root directory
BackspaceChange to parent directory
TabSwitch between left and right file list

Navigation

Alt+F1Change left drive
Alt+F2Change right drive
Alt+Arrow DownOpen list of visited direct­ories
Alt+Arrow LeftJump to previous directory
Alt+Arrow RightJump to next directory
Ctrl+<Jump to root directory
BackspaceChange to parent directory
TabSwitch between left and right file list

View

Ctrl+uSwap left & right view
F2/Ctrl+rRefresh current directory
Ctrl+bShow contents of current dir and all subdirs in one list
Ctrl+S­hift+BSelected directory branch
Alt+EnterShow file properties window
F1Help
Ctrl+lCalculate occupied space (of selecte files)

File manipu­lation

F3List file contents
Shift+F3List file under cursor with multiple files selected
F4Edit files
Shift+F4Create new text file and load in editor
F5/Ctrl+cCopy file
Shift+F5Copy files (with rename) in same directory
F6Rename or move files
Shift+F6Rename files in same directory
F7Create directory
F8/DeleteDelete files
Ctrl+vPaste file in current directory
Ctrl+xCut file
Ctrl+mMulti-­rename tool

Archiving

Alt+F5Pack files
Alt+Sh­ift+F5Move to archive
Alt+F6Unpack from archive under cursor
Alt+Sh­ift+F9Test archives

File sorting

Ctrl+F3Sort by name
Ctrl+F4Sort by extension
Ctrl+F5Sort by date/time
Ctrl+F6Sort by size
Ctrl+F7Unsorted

Searching

Ctrl+sQuick search
Alt+F7Find

Command Line with TC

%comspec%            Envoke CMD (ancient times)
CMD                         Envoke CMD
CMD /C                    Carries out the command specified by string and then terminates
CMD /K                    Carries out the command specified by string but remains
(For more complete CMD with switches see relevant CMD cheatsheet)

Other

Ctrl+Shift+w                              Close all open tabs
Ctrl+z                                          Edit file comment
Ctrl+Arrow up                           Open dir under cursor in new tab
Ctrl+Shift+Arrow                     Up Open dir under cursor in other window (new tab)
Ctrl+Tab/Ctrl+Shift+Tab        Jump to next tab / jump to previous tab
Ctrl+Alt+Letter                          Quick search for a file name (starting with specified letters) in the current directory
                                                       (Support hotkeys Ctrl+X, Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V and Ctrl+A; use Ctrl+S for search filter on/off)
Ctrl+ArrowLeft/Right Duplicate current path of the panel in the other panel

Button Bar Parameters

Total Commander Button Bar Parameters

?As the first parameter causes a Dialog box to be displayed before starting the program, containing the following parame­ters. You can change the parameters before starting the program. You can even prevent the program’s execution.
%PCauses the source path to be inserted into the command line, including a backslash (\) at the end.
%NPlaces the filename under the cursor into the command line.
%TInserts the current target path. Especially useful for packers.
%MPlaces the current filename in the target directory into the command line.
%OPlaces the current filename without extension into the command line.
%EPlaces the current extension (without leading period) into the command line. Note: %N and %M insert the long name, while %n and %m insert the DOS alias name (8.3). %P and %T insert the long path name, and %p and %t the short path name. (Same for %o and %e)
%%Inserts the percent sign.
%LLong file names including the complete path, e.g. c:\Program Files\Long name.exe
%l (lowercase L)Short file names including the complete path, e.g. C:\PRO­GRA­~1­\LON­GNA­~1.EXE
%FLong file names without path, e.g. Long name.exe
%fShort file names without path, e.g. LONGNA­~1.EXE
%DShort file names including the complete path, but using the DOS character set for accents.
%dShort file names without path, but using the DOS character set for accents.

How-to use button bar parameters

Step 1.Create a new button on the button bar
Step 2.Using the menu, insert the path to the ImgBurn executable
Step 3.Insert the string below as the value in the Parameters box:
This will feed a file to the standard build menu?/MODE BUILD /BUILD­INP­UTMODE STANDARD /BUILD­OUT­PUTMODE DEVICE /SRCLIST “­%P%­N” /FILES­YSTEM “­UDF­” /UDFRE­VISION “­1.0­2” /NOIMA­GED­ETAILS /ROOTF­OLDER YES /NOSAV­ESE­TTINGS /VERIFY /VOLUM­ELABEL “­%O”
 
You can use the cheats above to figure out what is going on in this string.
Step 4.Choose the icon for the button and press ok.

Total Commander Links

The Total Commander Sitehttp:/­/ww­w.g­his­ler.com/
TC wikihttps://www.ghisler.ch/wiki
An unofficial database of pluginswww.to­tal­cmd.net
Source of this cheatsheethttp:/­/ww­w.g­his­ler.ch­/wi­ki/­ind­ex.p­hp­/Bu­tto­nba­r#S­pec­ial­_pa­ram­eters:
TC forumhttps://www.ghisler.ch/board/

Overview

Like any powerful tool, Total Commander won’t work the way you want it right away. Until you use it a little and learn how it works, it may even seem a bit uncomfortable. But don’t be discouraged, as the payoff is too great to ignore. You’ll do all your file management a lot faster. An experienced person using Total Commander may seem like a magician to observers.

Linux Command Line Cheat Sheet

Bash Commands

uname -a
Show system and kernel
head -n1 /etc/issue
Show distri­bution
mount
Show mounted filesy­stems
date
Show system date
uptime
Show uptime
whoami
Show your username
man command
Show manual for command

Bash Shortcuts

CTRL-c
Stop current command
CTRL-z
Sleep program
CTRL-a
Go to start of line
CTRL-e
Go to end of line
CTRL-u
Cut from start of line
CTRL-k
Cut to end of line
CTRL-r
Search history
!!
Repeat last command
!abc
Run last command starting with abc
!abc:p
Print last command starting with abc
!$
Last argument of previous command
ALT-.
Last argument of previous command
!*
All arguments of previous command
^abc^123
Run previous command, replacing abc with 123

Bash Variables

env
Show enviro­nment variables
echo $NAME
Output value of $NAME variable
export NAME=value
Set $NAME to value
$PATH
Executable search path
$HOME
Home directory
$SHELL
Current shell

IO Redire­ction

cmd < file
Input of cmd from file
cmd1 <(cmd2)
Output of cmd2 as file input to cmd1
cmd > file
Standard output (stdout) of cmd to file
cmd > /dev/null
Discard stdout of cmd
cmd >> file
Append stdout to file
cmd 2> file
Error output (stderr) of cmd to file
cmd 1>&2
stdout to same place as stderr
cmd 2>&1
stderr to same place as stdout
cmd &> file
Every output of cmd to file
cmd refers to a command.

Pipes

cmd1 | cmd2
stdout of cmd1 to cmd2
cmd1 |& cmd2
stderr of cmd1 to cmd2

Command Lists

cmd1 ; cmd2
Run cmd1 then cmd2
cmd1 && cmd2
Run cmd2 if cmd1 is successful
cmd1 || cmd2
Run cmd2 if cmd1 is not successful
cmd &
Run cmd in a subshell

Directory Operations

pwd
Show current directory
mkdir dir
Make directory dir
cd dir
Change directory to dir
cd ..
Go up a directory
ls
List files

ls Options

-a
Show all (including hidden)
-R
Recursive list
-r
Reverse order
-t
Sort by last modified
-S
Sort by file size
-l
Long listing format
-1
One file per line
-m
Comma-­sep­arated output
-Q
Quoted output

Search Files

grep pattern files
Search for pattern in files
grep -i
Case insens­itive search
grep -r
Recursive search
grep -v
Inverted search
grep -o
Show matched part of file only
find /dir/ -name name*
Find files starting with name in dir
find /dir/ -user name
Find files owned by name in dir
find /dir/ -mmin num
Find files modifed less than num minutes ago in dir
whereis command
Find binary / source / manual for command
locate file
Find file (quick search of system index)

File Operations

touch file1
Create file1
cat file1 file2
Concat­enate files and output
less file1
View and paginate file1
file file1
Get type of file1
cp file1 file2
Copy file1 to file2
mv file1file2
Move file1 to file2
rm file1
Delete file1
head file1
Show first 10 lines of file1
tail file1
Show last 10 lines of file1
tail -F file1
Output last lines of file1 as it changes

Watch a Command

watch -n 5 ‘ntpq -p’
Issue the ‘ntpq -p’ command every 5 seconds and display output

Process Management

ps
Show snapshot of processes
top
Show real time processes
kill pid
Kill process with id pid
pkill name
Kill process with name name
killall name
Kill all processes with names beginning name

Nano Shortcuts

Files
Ctrl-R
Read file
Ctrl-O
Save file
Ctrl-X
Close file
Cut and Paste
ALT-A
Start marking text
CTRL-K
Cut marked text or line
CTRL-U
Paste text
Navigate File
ALT-/
End of file
CTRL-A
Beginning of line
CTRL-E
End of line
CTRL-C
Show line number
CTRL-_
Go to line number
Search File
CTRL-W
Find
ALT-W
Find next
CTRL-\
Search and replace
More nano info at:
http:/­/ww­w.n­ano­-ed­ito­r.o­rg/­doc­s.php

Screen Shortcuts

screen
Start a screen session.
screen -r
Resume a screen session.
screen -list
Show your current screen sessions.
CTRL-A
Activate commands for screen.
CTRL-A c
Create a new instance of terminal.
CTRL-A n
Go to the next instance of terminal.
CTRL-A p
Go to the previous instance of terminal.
CTRL-A “
Show current instances of terminals.
CTRL-A A
Rename the current instance.
More screen info at:
http:/­/ww­w.g­nu.o­rg­/so­ftw­are­/sc­reen/

File Permis­sions

chmod 775 file
Change mode of file to 775
chmod -R 600 folder
Recurs­ively chmod folder to 600
chown user:group file
Change file owner to user and group to group

File Permission Numbers

First digit is owner permis­sion, second is group and third is everyone.
Calculate permission digits by adding numbers below.
4
read (r)
2
write (w)
1
execute (x)

RegEx Cheatheet

PCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expressions) is a C library implementing regex. It was written in 1997 when Perl was the de-facto choice for complex text processing tasks. The syntax for patterns used in PCRE closely resembles Perl. PCRE syntax is being used in many big projects called flavors – .NET, Java, JavaScript, XRegExp, Perl, PCRE, Python, and Ruby, and the programming languages C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, and VB.NET.
PCRE’s syntax is much more powerful and flexible than either of the POSIX regular expression flavors and than that of many other regular-expression libraries.
we’re focused on PRCE mostly unless stated!

Anchors

^
Start of string, or start of line in multi-line pattern
\A
Start of string
$
End of string, or end of line in multi-line pattern
\Z
End of string
\b
Word boundary
\B
Not word boundary
\<
Start of word
\>
End of word

Character Classes

\c
Control character
\s
White space
\S
Not white space
\d
Digit
\D
Not digit
\w
Word
\W
Not word
\x
Hexade­cimal digit
\O
Octal digit

POSIX

[:upper:]
Upper case letters
[:lower:]
Lower case letters
[:alpha:]
All letters
[:alnum:]
Digits and letters
[:digit:]
Digits
[:xdigit:]
Hexade­cimal digits
[:punct:]
Punctu­ation
[:blank:]
Space and tab
[:space:]
Blank characters
[:cntrl:]
Control characters
[:graph:]
Printed characters
[:print:]
Printed characters and spaces
[:word:]
Digits, letters and underscore

Assertions

?=
Lookahead assertion
?!
Negative lookahead
?<=
Lookbehind assertion
?!= or ?<!
Negative lookbehind
?>
Once-only Subexp­ression
?()
Condition [if then]
?()|
Condition [if then else]
?#
Comment

 

Groups and Ranges

.
Any character except new line (\n)
(a|b)
a or b
(…)
Group
(?:…)
Passive (non-c­apt­uring) group
[abc]
Range (a or b or c)
[^abc]
Not (a or b or c)
[a-q]
Lower case letter from a to q
[A-Q]
Upper case letter from A to Q
[0-7]
Digit from 0 to 7
\x
Group/­sub­pattern number “­x”
Ranges are inclusive.

Pattern Modifiers

g
Global match
i *
Case-i­nse­nsitive
m *
Multiple lines
s *
Treat string as single line
x *
Allow comments and whitespace in pattern
e *
Evaluate replac­ement
U *
Ungreedy pattern
* PCRE modifier

String Replac­ement

$n
nth non-pa­ssive group
$2
“­xyz­” in /^(abc­(xy­z))$/
$1
“­xyz­” in /^(?:a­bc)­(xyz)$/
$`
Before matched string
$’
After matched string
$+
Last matched string
$&
Entire matched string
Some regex implem­ent­ations use \ instead of $.

Hidden chars or shortcuts

\s = [ \t\n\r\f]
\d = [0-9]
\w = [a-zA-Z_0-9])

Quanti­fiers

*
0 or more
{3}
Exactly 3
+
1 or more
{3,}
3 or more
?
0 or 1
{3,5}
3, 4 or 5
Add a ? to a quantifier to make it ungreedy.

Escape Sequences

\
Escape following character
\Q
Begin literal sequence
\E
End literal sequence
“­Esc­api­ng” is a way of treating characters which have a special meaning in regular expres­sions literally, rather than as special charac­ters.

Common Metach­ara­cters

^
[
.
$
{
*
(
\
+
)
|
?
<
> ]
The escape character is usually \

Special Characters

\n
New line
\r
Carriage return
\t
Tab
\v
Vertical tab
\f
Form feed
\xxx
Octal character xxx
\xhh
Hex character hh

Case Conversion

\l      Make next character lowercase
\u     Make next character uppercase
\L     Make entire string (up to \E) lowercase
\U     Make entire string (up to \E) uppercase
\u\L Capitalize first char, lowercase rest (sentence)

 

PCRE regex quick reference

[abx-z] One character of: a, b, or the range x-z
[^abx-z] One character except: a, b, or the range x-z
a|b a or b
a? Zero or one a’s (greedy)
a?? Zero or one a’s (lazy)
a* Zero or more a’s (greedy)
a*? Zero or more a’s (lazy)
a+ One or more a’s (greedy)
a+? One or more a’s (lazy)
a{4} Exactly 4 a’s
a{4,8} Between (inclusive) 4 and 8 a’s
a{9,} 9 or more a’s
(?>…) An atomic group
(?=…) A positive lookahead
(?!…) A negative lookahead
(?<=…) A positive lookbehind
(?<!…) A negative lookbehind
(?:…) A non-capturing group
(…) A capturing group
(?P<n>…) A capturing group named n

 

^ Beginning of the string
$ End of the string
\d A digit (same as [0-9])
\D A non-digit (same as [^0-9])
\w A word character (same as [_a-zA-Z0-9])
\W A non-word character (same as [^_a-zA-Z0-9])
\s A whitespace character
\S A non-whitespace character
\b A word boundary
\B A non-word boundary
\n A newline
\t A tab
\cY The control character with the hex code Y
\xYY The character with the hex code YY
\uYYYY The character with the hex code YYYY
. Any character
\Y The Y’th captured group
(?1) Recurse into numbered group 1
(?&x) Recurse into named group x
(?P=n) The captured group named ‘n’
(?#…) A comment